Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: deik̑- 'to teach, show'
Semantic Field(s): to Show
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | disc | n.masc | dish, plate, bowl; discus | ASD/W7 |
| tā | n | toe | W7 | |
| tāc(e)n | n | sign, token | W7 | |
| tǣcan | vb.wk | to teach, show | ASD/W7 | |
| tēon | vb | to accuse | W7 | |
| Middle English: | abaten | vb | to abate | W7 |
| avengen | vb | to avenge | W7 | |
| benediccioun | n | benediction | W7 | |
| bitokenen | vb | to betoken, signify | AHD | |
| condicion | n | condition | W7 | |
| dedicate | vb | to dedicate | W7 | |
| digit | n | digit | W7 | |
| dish | n | dish | W7 | |
| ditee | n | ditty | W7 | |
| enditen | vb | to indite | W7 | |
| entredit | n | interdict | W7 | |
| indiccioun | n | indiction | W7 | |
| inditen | vb | to indict | W7 | |
| judicial | adj | judicial | W7 | |
| jug(g)e | n | judge | W7 | |
| jug(g)en | vb | to judge | W7 | |
| jurisdicciuon | n | jurisdiction | W7 | |
| malison | n | malison | W7 | |
| prechen | vb | to preach | W7 | |
| predicament | n | predicament | W7 | |
| prejudice | n | prejudice | W7 | |
| revengen | vb | to revenge | W7 | |
| techen | vb | to teach | W7 | |
| tokne | n | token | W7 | |
| vengen | vb | to avenge | W7 | |
| verdit(e) | n | verdict | W7 | |
| English: | abdicate | vb | to reject, renounce, relinquish (sovereign power) formally | AHD/W7 |
| addict | vb.trans | to devote/surrender (self) to something obsessively/habitually | AHD/W7 | |
| apodictic | adj | re: necessary truth/absolute certainty | AHD/W7 | |
| avenge | vb.trans | to take revenge for/on behalf of | AHD/W7 | |
| benediction | n | invocation of blessing | AHD/W7 | |
| betoken | vb.trans | to show, give evidence of | AHD/W7 | |
| condition | n | stipulation, premise on which fulfillment of agreement depends | AHD/W7 | |
| contradict | vb.trans | to resist/oppose in argument | AHD/W7 | |
| dedicate | adj | dedicated | AHD/W7 | |
| deictic | adj | showing/pointing out directly | AHD/W7 | |
| deixis | n | function of word: specifying referent in context | AHD | |
| dicast | n | ancient Athenian performing as both judge and jury | AHD/W7 | |
| dictate | vb | to prescribe, speak authoritatively | AHD/W7 | |
| diction | n | verbal description | AHD/W7 | |
| dictum | n | authoritative pronouncement | AHD/W7 | |
| dictyosome | n | plant cell Golgi apparatus | AHD | |
| digit | n | arabic numeral: 0-9 | AHD/W7 | |
| discus | n | disk thrown for distance | W7 | |
| dish | n | vessel containing food for consumption | CDC | |
| disk | n | flat circular stone/metal plate | AHD/W7 | |
| ditto | n | thing mentioned above/previously | AHD/W7 | |
| ditty | n | song/short poem to be sung | AHD/W7 | |
| edict | n | official public proclamation having force of law | AHD/W7 | |
| fatidic | adj | re: prophecy | AHD/W7 | |
| Heathertoes | prop.n | Bree surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| index | n | guide for facilitating book reference | AHD/W7 | |
| indicate | vb.trans | to point out/to with exactness | AHD/W7 | |
| indict | vb.trans | to accuse, charge with offense | AHD/W7 | |
| indiction | n | 15-year cycle: ancient/medieval chronological unit | AHD/W7 | |
| indite | vb.trans | to compose, make up | AHD/W7 | |
| interdict | n | Roman Catholic ecclesiastical censure | AHD/W7 | |
| judge | n | one who judges | AHD/W7 | |
| judge | vb | to form authoritative opinion | AHD/W7 | |
| judicial | adj | re: judgment/judiciary/administration of justice | AHD/W7 | |
| juridical | adj | re: office of judge/administration of justice | AHD/W7 | |
| jurisdiction | n | right/power/authority to apply/interpret law | AHD/W7 | |
| maledict | adj.arch | accursed | AHD/W7 | |
| malison | n | curse, malediction | AHD/W7 | |
| paradigm | n | pattern, example | AHD/W7 | |
| preach | vb | to deliver a sermon | AHD/W7 | |
| predicament | n | status/character/classification assigned by predication | AHD/W7 | |
| predicate | n | something affirmed/denied of subject in logical proposition | AHD/W7 | |
| predicate | vb.trans | to declare, affirm | AHD/W7 | |
| predict | vb.trans | to foretell/declare in advance | AHD/W7 | |
| prejudice | n | damage/injury resulting from judgment/action of another | AHD/W7 | |
| revenge | n | damage/injury inflicted in return | AHD/W7 | |
| revenge | vb.trans | to inflict damage/injury in return | AHD/W7 | |
| syndic | n | municipal magistrate | AHD/W7 | |
| tachisme | n | art with haphazardly-applied irregular dabs/splotches of color | AHD | |
| teach, taught | vb | to show, instruct, cause to know | AHD/W7 | |
| tetchy | adj | testy, peevish | AHD | |
| theodicy | n | defense of God's goodness/omnipotence in view of existence of evil | AHD/W7 | |
| toe | n | terminal digit on vertebrate's foot | AHD/W7 | |
| token | n | outward sign | AHD/W7 | |
| valediction | n | farewell, act/utterance of leave-taking | AHD/W7 | |
| vendetta | n | blood feud | AHD/W7 | |
| verdict | n | finding/decision of jury | AHD/W7 | |
| veridical | adj | veracious, truthful | AHD/W7 | |
| vindicate | vb.trans | to avenge, deliver, set free | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | teen | n | toe | TLL |
| Old High German: | tisc | n | dish, plate, table | KDW/W7 |
| zēha | n | toe | W7 | |
| zeihhan | n | sign | W7 | |
| German: | diktieren | vb | to dictate | LRC |
| Tisch | n | table | TLL | |
| Zehe | n.fem | toe | LRC | |
| Zeichen | n.neut | sign | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | tá | n | toe | ASD |
| Danish: | taa | n | toe | TLL |
| Swedish: | tå | n | toe | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | gateihan | vb.str.I | to tell | LRC |
| táikns | n.str.fem | sign, wonder | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | abdicō, abdicāre, abdicāvī, abdicātus | vb | to abdicate, disavow, give up | W7 |
| addico, addicere, addixi, addictus | vb | to award, favor | W7 | |
| apodicticus | adj | speech that demonstrates | W7 | |
| benedico, benedicere | vb | to speak well of | W7 | |
| condicio, condicionis | n.fem | terms of agreement, condition | W7 | |
| condico, condicere | vb | to agree | W7 | |
| contradico, contradicere, contradixi, contradictus | vb | to contradict | W7 | |
| dēdicō, dēdicāre, dēdicāvī, dēdicātus | vb | to dedicate | W7 | |
| dicō, dicāre | vb | to proclaim, dedicate, consecrate | W7 | |
| dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictum | vb | to say, state, declare | LRC | |
| dictio, dictionis | n.fem | speaking, style, oratory | W7 | |
| dicto, dictare, dictavi, dictatus | vb | to dictate, say often | W7 | |
| dictum | n.neut | something said | W7 | |
| digitus | n.masc | finger | W7 | |
| discus | n.masc | dish, discus | W7 | |
| edico, edicere, edixi, edictus | vb | to decree | W7 | |
| edictum | n.neut | edict | W7 | |
| fatidicus | adj | annoucing fate, prophetic | W7 | |
| index, indicis | n.masc | indicator | W7 | |
| indicō, indicāre, indicāvī, indicātum | vb | to indicate, betray | LRC | |
| indīco, indīcere, indīxī, indictus | vb | to announce, proclaim | W7 | |
| indictio | n.fem | proclamation | W7 | |
| interdīcō, interdīcere, interdīxi, interdictum | vb | to forbid, prohibit | LRC | |
| interdictum | n.neut | prohibition, praetorian interdict | W7 | |
| jūdex, jūdicis | n.masc | judge | W7 | |
| judicialis | adj | relating to courts of law | W7 | |
| judicium | n.neut | judgment | W7 | |
| jūdicō, jūdicāre | vb | to judge | W7 | |
| juridicus | adj | relating to courts of law | W7 | |
| jurisdictio, jurisdictionis | n.fem | administration of justice | W7 | |
| praejudicium | n.neut | previous judgment, damage | W7 | |
| valedico, valedicere, valedixi, valedictus | vb | to say farewell | W7 | |
| veridicus | adj | truthful | W7 | |
| vindex, vindicis | n.masc | claimant, avenger | W7 | |
| vindicō, vindicāre, vindicāvī, vindicātus | vb | to vindicate, lay claim to | W7 | |
| vindicta | n.fem | revenge, vindication | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | indicto, indictare | vb | to proclaim | W7 |
| Late Latin: | benedico, benedicere, benedixi, benedictus | vb | to bless | W7 |
| benedictio, benedictionis | n.fem | blessing, benediction | W7 | |
| indictio, indictionis | n.fem | indiction | W7 | |
| maldictus | adj | with a spell cast upon | W7 | |
| maledictio, maledictionis | n.fem | malediction, spell | W7 | |
| paradigma | n.neut | model, paradigm | W7 | |
| praedicamentum | n.neut | predicament | W7 | |
| praedicatum | n.neut | what was predicated | W7 | |
| praedicō, praedicāre, praedicāvī, praedicātus | vb | to preach, assert, predicate logically | W7 | |
| syndicus | n.masc | representative of a corporation | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | apodixa | n.fem | receipt | W7 |
| Spanish: | dicho | adj/n | said; saying, remark | TLL |
| Old French: | avengier | vb | to avenge | CDC |
| benedicion | n | benediction | AHD | |
| ditié | n.fem | poem | W7 | |
| ditier | vb | to compose | W7 | |
| enditer | vb | to write down, proclaim | W7 | |
| entredit | n.masc | interdiction | W7 | |
| jugier | vb | to judge | W7 | |
| juridiction | n.fem | jurisdiction | W7 | |
| maleïçon | n.fem | malediction | W7 | |
| prechier | vb | to preach | W7 | |
| prejudice | n.masc | previous judgment, damage | W7 | |
| revengier | vb | to avenge | W7 | |
| vengier | vb | to avenge | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | enditer | vb | to write down | W7 |
| verdit | n.masc | verdict, saying | W7 | |
| Middle French: | condicion | n.fem | condition | W7 |
| juge | n.masc | judge | W7 | |
| revenche, revenge | n.fem | revenge | W7 | |
| revenchier, revengier | vb | to revenge | W7 | |
| French: | syndic | n.masc | union | W7 |
| théodicée | n.fem | theodicy | W7 | |
| Italian: | detto | adj/n | said; saying | TLL |
| dire | vb | to say | W7 | |
| vendetta | n.fem | vengeance | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀδικέω | vb | to wrong | LRC |
| ἀδικία | n.fem | wrong-doing | LRC | |
| ἀποδείκνυμι | vb | to propose, demonstrate | LRC | |
| apodeiktikos | adj | speech that demonstrates | W7 | |
| apodeixis | n.fem | proof, demonstration | W7 | |
| ἀπόδεξις | n.fem | exposition, publication | LRC | |
| δείκνυμι | vb | to show | LRC | |
| deiktikos | adj | deictic | W7 | |
| deiktos | adj | verbal | W7 | |
| dikazein | vb | to judge | W7 | |
| δίκαιος | adj | just, righteous | LRC | |
| δικαιοσύνη | n.fem | justice, righteousness | LRC | |
| δικαιόω | vb | to justify | LRC | |
| dikastēs | n.masc | a judge | W7 | |
| δίκη | n.fem | custom, right, judgement | LRC | |
| paradeigma | n.neut | paradigm, model | W7 | |
| paradeiknynai | vb | to show side by side | W7 | |
| syndikos | n.masc | assistant at law, advocate, representative of a state | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
