Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. dek̑- 'to take'
Semantic Field(s): to Take
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | dech, deg | adj.sup | best | RPN |
| dess | adj | (on/toward the) right | GED | |
| Welsh: | deheu | adj | (on/toward the) right | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | discipul | n | disciple | W7 |
| Middle English: | ambidexter | n | double-dealer | AHD |
| condigne | adj | condign | W7 | |
| deignen | vb | to deign | W7 | |
| deinte | n | dainty | W7 | |
| desdeyne | n | disdain | W7 | |
| desdeynen | vb | to disdain | W7 | |
| destrier | n | destrier | W7 | |
| dignete | n | dignity | W7 | |
| disciple | n | disciple | W7 | |
| discipline | n | discipline | W7 | |
| doctour | n | doctor, teacher | W7 | |
| doctrine | n | doctrine | W7 | |
| document | n | document | W7 | |
| indigne | adj | indign | W7 | |
| English: | ambidextrous | adj | using either hand with equal ease | AHD/W7 |
| condign | adj | deserved, appropriate | AHD/W7 | |
| dainty | n | something delicious to taste | AHD/W7 | |
| decent | adj | appropriate | AHD/W7 | |
| decor | n | decoration | AHD/W7 | |
| decorate | vb.trans | to add honor to | AHD/W7 | |
| decorous | adj | correct, marked by propriety/good taste | AHD/W7 | |
| deign | vb | to think something appropriate to one's dignity | AHD/W7 | |
| destrier | n | war-horse | AHD/W7 | |
| dexter | adj | re: right (hand) | AHD/W7 | |
| dexterity | n | grace/readiness in physical activity | AHD/W7 | |
| dextro- | pfx | re: right (hand) | AHD | |
| dignify | vb.trans | to ennoble, give distinction to | AHD/W7 | |
| dignity | n | worthy/honored/esteemed state | AHD/W7 | |
| diplodocus | n | very large herbivorous dinosaur | AHD/W7 | |
| disciple | n | student who helps spread teacher's doctrines | AHD/W7 | |
| discipline | n | instruction | AHD/W7 | |
| disdain | n | scorn, feeling of contempt/aversion | AHD/W7 | |
| disdain | vb.trans | to look scornfully upon | AHD/W7 | |
| docent | n | teacher, lecturer | AHD/W7 | |
| Docetism | prop.n | Gnostic doctrine: Jesus had no physical body | AHD | |
| docile | adj | teachable, easily instructed | AHD/W7 | |
| doctor | n | eminent theologian declared sound expounder of doctrine | AHD/W7 | |
| doctrine | n | teaching, instruction | AHD/W7 | |
| document | n | proof, evidence | AHD/W7 | |
| dogma | n | doctrine, belief held as established opinion | AHD/W7 | |
| dogmatic | adj | re: dogma | AHD/CDC | |
| doxology | n | expression of praise to God | AHD/W7 | |
| heterodox | adj | contrary to/different from acknowledged standard | AHD/W7 | |
| indign | adj | unworthy, undeserving | AHD/W7 | |
| indignant | adj | re: indignation | AHD/W7 | |
| indignation | n | anger due to meanness/injustice/unworthiness | AHD/W7 | |
| orthodox | adj | conforming to official doctrine | AHD/W7 | |
| pandect | n | complete national law code | AHD/W7 | |
| paradox | n | tenet contrary to common belief | AHD/W7 | |
| synecdoche | n | figure of speech: part for whole or whole for part | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Low Franconian: | tesewa | n.wk.fem | right hand | GED |
| Old High German: | gi-zehōn | vb | to arrange | RPN |
| zes(a)wa | n.wk.fem | right hand | GED | |
| zesawēr | adj | right | GED | |
| zeso | adj | right | GED | |
| German: | Dozent | n.masc | docent | W7 |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *taihswa | adj/n.fem | right; right hand/side | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | condignus | adj | very worthy | W7 |
| decens, decentis | adj/vb.ptc | fitting | W7 | |
| deceō, decēre | vb | to be fitting, proper | W7 | |
| decor, decoris | n.masc | beauty, grace | W7 | |
| decoro, decorare, decoravi, decoratus | vb | to adorn | W7 | |
| decorus | adj | graceful, beautiful | W7 | |
| decus | n.neut | honor, distinction | W7 | |
| dexter | adj | to the right | W7 | |
| dexteritas, dexteritatis | n.fem | dexterity | W7 | |
| dextra, dextrae | n.fem | right hand | LRC | |
| dignitas, dignitatis | n.fem | dignity, worth | W7 | |
| dignō, dignāre | vb | to deign, consider worthy | W7 | |
| dignus | adj | worthy | W7 | |
| disciplina, disciplinae | n.fem | learning, discipline, education | LRC | |
| discipulus | n.masc | pupil | W7 | |
| discō, discere, didicī, - | vb | to learn | LRC | |
| docens, docentis | vb.ptc | re: one who teaches | W7 | |
| doceō, docēre, docuī, doctum | vb | to teach | LRC | |
| docilis | adj | docile | W7 | |
| doctor, doctoris | n.masc | teacher | LRC | |
| doctrina, doctrinae | n.fem | doctrine, what is taught | LRC | |
| doctus, docta, doctum | adj | learned | LRC | |
| documentum | n.neut | lesson, proof | W7 | |
| dogma, dogmatis | n.neut | theory, belief | W7 | |
| indignans, indignantis | adj/vb.ptc | indignant | W7 | |
| indignor, indignari | vb.dep | to be indignant | W7 | |
| indignus | adj | unworthy | W7 | |
| pandectes | n.masc | encyclopedic work | W7 | |
| paradoxum | n.neut | paradox | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | disdigno, disdignāre | vb | to disdain | W7 |
| Late Latin: | ambidexter | adj | ambidextrous | W7 |
| dignifico, dignificāre | vb | to dignify | W7 | |
| discipulus | n.masc | follower of Jesus Christ in his lifetime | W7 | |
| documentum | n.neut | official paper | W7 | |
| heterodoxus | adj | heterodox, with different doctrine/opinion | W7 | |
| orthodoxus | adj | orthodox, following strict beliefs | W7 | |
| Pandectae | n.fem.pl | the Pandects, digest of Roman civil law (6th century A.D.) | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | doctor | n.masc | doctor, teacher | W7 |
| doxologia | n.fem | doxology | W7 | |
| New Latin: | diplodocus | n.masc | Diplodocus (kind of dinosaur) | W7 |
| Old French: | deignier | vb | to deign | W7 |
| desciple | n.masc | disciple | W7 | |
| desdeign | n.masc | contempt | W7 | |
| desdeignier | vb | to disdain | W7 | |
| destre | adj/n.masc/fem | right hand | W7 | |
| destrier | adj | right-handed | W7 | |
| digneté, deintié | n.fem | dignity, worth | W7 | |
| Middle French: | condigne | adj | very worhty | W7 |
| décent | adj | fitting | W7 | |
| desdeignier | vb | to disdain | W7 | |
| dexterité, dexterity | n.fem | dexterity | W7 | |
| dignifier | vb | to dignify | W7 | |
| discipline | n.fem | teaching, learning, discipline | W7 | |
| doctour | n.masc | doctor, teacher | W7 | |
| doctrine | n.fem | doctrine, teachings of a doctor | W7 | |
| document | n.masc | official paper | W7 | |
| indigne | adj | indign, not worthy | W7 | |
| orthodoxe | adj | orthodox | W7 | |
| French: | décor | n.masc | decor | W7 |
| décorer | vb | to decorate | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | dẽšinas | adj | right | GED |
| dešinė | n | right hand | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | desnъ | adj | right | GED |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | djathtë | adj | (on/toward the) right | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Mycenaean: | de-ki-si-wo | adj | (on/toward the) right | GED |
| Homeric Greek: | δεξιή | n.fem | right hand | GED |
| δεξιός | adj | (on/toward the) right | GED | |
| δεξιτερός | adj | right | GED | |
| δοκέω | vb | to seem, think, fancy | LRC | |
| δοκός | n.masc | beam | LRC | |
| δόξα | n.fem | view, opinion, expectation | LRC | |
| Greek: | δεκτός | adj | acceptable | RPN |
| dechesthai | vb | to receive | W7 | |
| δέχομαι | vb | to receive | LRC | |
| διδάσκαλος | n.masc | teacher | LRC | |
| διδάσκω | vb | to teach | LRC | |
| διδαχή | n.fem | teaching | LRC | |
| δόγμα | n.neut | decree, belief, theory, opinion | LRC | |
| ekdechesthai | vb | to receive, understand | W7 | |
| ekdochē | n.fem | sense, interpretation | W7 | |
| heterodoxos | adj | with a different opinion or belief | W7 | |
| εὐδοκία | n.fem | satisfaction | LRC | |
| pandektēs | adj | all-receiving | W7 | |
| paradoxon | n.neut | paradox | W7 | |
| paradoxos | adj | contrary to expectation | W7 | |
| synekdochē | n.fem | figure of speech in which part is used for whole | W7 | |
| Late Greek: | doxologia | n.fem | examination of other's opinions | W7 |
| orthodoxos | adj | orthodox, with a right opinion | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | tesanem | vb | to see | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | dašinō | adj | right | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dákṣa-ḥ | adj | fit, able, clever | RPN |
| dákṣinas | adj | right | GED | |
| daśasyáti | vb | to serve, oblige, honor | RPN | |
| dasā́ | n | condition, circumstance | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sup | = | superlative |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
