Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 5. del- 'long'
Semantic Field(s): Long
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Welsh: | dal(a) | vb | to hold | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | andlang | prep | along | ASD/W7 |
| lang | adj | long | LRC | |
| langian | vb | to long, yearn | W7 | |
| lengan | vb.wk | to lengthen, prolong | ASD/W7 | |
| len(g)ten, lencten | n.masc | Lent | ASD/W7 | |
| lengþu | n | length | W7 | |
| tulge, tylg | adv | rather | GED | |
| Middle English: | along | adv | along | W7 |
| belongen | vb | to belong | W7 | |
| eloynen | vb | to eloign | W7 | |
| lang | adj | long | W7 | |
| lengen | vb | to prolong | W7 | |
| lengeren | vb.freq | to dwell | W7 | |
| lengthe | n | length | W7 | |
| lente | n | springtime, Lent | W7 | |
| ling | n | ling (fish) | W7 | |
| long | adj | long | W7 | |
| longen | vb | to be suitable | W7 | |
| longitude | n | longitude | W7 | |
| Lumbarde | prop.n | Lombard | W7 | |
| oblong | adj | oblong | W7 | |
| prolongen | vb | to prolong | W7 | |
| purloinen | vb | to put away, render ineffectual | W7 | |
| English: | along | adv/prep | in same direction, in line parallel with length | AHD/W7 |
| belong | vb.intrans | to be suitable/appropriate/advantageous | AHD/W7 | |
| dolichocephalic | adj | re: relatively long head | AHD/W7 | |
| dolichocranial | adj | having relatively long skull | AHD | |
| eloign | vb.trans | to remove to distant/unknown place | AHD/W7 | |
| elongate | vb | to extend in length | AHD/W7 | |
| indulge | vb | to give free choice to | AHD/W7 | |
| Langstrand | prop.n | Gondor coast in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| length | n | longer/longest dimension of object | AHD/W7 | |
| Lent | prop.n | Christian period of penitence before Easter | LRC | |
| ling | n | fish in cod family | AHD/W7 | |
| linger | vb | to tarry, be slow to leave | AHD/W7 | |
| Lombard | prop.n | member of Teutonic peoples who invaded/settled N. Italy in 568 A.D. | AHD/W7 | |
| long | adj | extending for significant distance | AHD/W7 | |
| long | vb.intrans | to yearn, feel strong desire/craving | AHD/W7 | |
| longeron | n | major fore-aft structural member of aircraft fuselage | AHD | |
| longhorn | n | Texas cattle breed | LRC | |
| longitude | n | length | AHD/W7 | |
| Longshanks | prop.n | epithet for Strider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| longshore | adj | re: seacoast location | AHD | |
| lounge | n | public waiting room | AHD | |
| lunge | n | sudden forward thrust/movement | AHD | |
| oblong | adj | deviating from square/circular shape through elongation | AHD/W7 | |
| prolong | vb.trans | to continue, lengthen in time | AHD/W7 | |
| purloin | vb | to filch, appropriate wrongfully | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | langs | prep | along | TLL |
| leng | n | ling (fish) | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | tulgo | adv | very | GED |
| Old High German: | lang | adj | long | W7 |
| langēn | vb | to long | W7 | |
| lengiz, lenzo | n | Lent, spring | ASD | |
| lengjan | vb | to lengthen, prolong | ASD | |
| lenzin | n | spring | W7 | |
| German: | lang | adj | long | LRC |
| Länge | n.fem | length | TLL | |
| längs | prep | along | TLL | |
| Lenz | n.masc | Lent, spring | ASD | |
| verlängern | vb | to lengthen | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | lengja | vb | to lengthen, prolong | ASD |
| Danish: | langs | prep | along | TLL |
| Swedish: | längs | prep | along | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-tulgjan | vb.wk.I | to fortify | GED |
| tulgiþa | n | firmness, certainty; safety, stronghold | ASD/GED | |
| tulgjan | vb.wk.I | to confirm, fortify | ASD/GED | |
| tulgus | adj | firm, steady, steadfast | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | indulgeo, indulgēre | vb | to indulge, grant as a favor | GED |
| Langobardus | n.masc | Longobard | W7 | |
| longe | adv | by far | LRC | |
| longitudo, longitudinis | n.fem | length | W7 | |
| longus | adj | long | W7 | |
| oblongus | adj | oblong | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | ēlongo, ēlongāre, ēlongāvī, ēlongātus | vb | to make long | W7 |
| prolongo, prolongāre | vb | to prolong | W7 | |
| New Latin: | dolich- | pfx | spear | W7 |
| dolichocephalus | adj | dolichocephalic | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | longo | adj | long | TLL |
| Old French: | esloigner | vb | to put further away, to scare away | W7 |
| loing | adv | far, at a distance | W7 | |
| porloigner | vb | to delay, put off | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | purloigner | vb | to delay, put off | W7 |
| Middle French: | lombard | adj | Lombard | W7 |
| prolonguer | vb | to prolong | W7 | |
| French: | allonger | vb | to extend, prolong, lengthen; lay down | AHD |
| alongier | vb | to extend, prolong, lengthen; lay down | AHD | |
| éloigner | vb | to scare away, put further away | W7 | |
| long | adj | long | TLL | |
| Old Italian: | lombardo | adj | Lombard | W7 |
| Italian: | lungo | adj/prep | long; along | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | ìlgas, ilgà | adj | long | LRC |
| Latvian: | ilgi | adj/adv | long, for a long time | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | dlъgъ | adj | long | GED/RPN |
| dlъžǫ, dlъžiti | vb | to extend | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | δολιχός | adj | long | GED |
| ἐνδελεχής | adj | perpetual, continuous | GED/RPN | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | da-lu-ga-aš-ti | n | length | GED/RPN |
| da-lu-ga-e-eš | adj | long | RPN | |
| ta-lu-ki-(i)š-zi | vb.3.sg | to become long | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | darga- | adj | long | GED |
| Avestan: | darəgō | adj | long | GED |
| drājō | n | length | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dīrghá-ḥ | adj | long, tall, deep | GED/RPN |
| drā́ghate | vb | to stretch, lengthen | GED/RPN | |
| drāgh(i)mān | n | length | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |