Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dem-, demə- 'to build, timber; house, domicile'
Semantic Field(s): to Build, House
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | timber | n | wood, building, structure | GED |
| timbran, timbrede, timbred | vb.wk.I | to timber | LRC | |
| timbr(i)an | n.str.neut | building, material | GED | |
| toft | n | toft | W7 | |
| Middle English: | beldam | n | grandmother, old woman | W7 |
| dam(e) | n | dam, dame, lady | W7 | |
| Dan | prop.n | Dan | W7 | |
| daunger | n | danger | W7 | |
| dominioun | n | dominion | W7 | |
| donjon | n | dungeon | W7 | |
| madam(e) | n | madam | AHD/W7 | |
| timber | n | timber | W7 | |
| toft | n | toft | W7 | |
| English: | beldam | n | old woman | AHD/W7 |
| belladonna | n | European poisonous plant | AHD/W7 | |
| dam | n | female parent | W7 | |
| dame | n | woman of rank/station/authority | AHD/W7 | |
| Dan | prop.n.dim | male nickname for Daniel | AHD/W7 | |
| danger | n | jurisdiction | AHD/W7 | |
| Despina | prop.n | satellite of Neptune | AHD | |
| despot | n | Byzantine emperor/prince | AHD/W7 | |
| Dom | prop.n.dim | male nickname for Dominic | LRC | |
| domain | n | absolute ownership of land | AHD/W7 | |
| dome | n | mansion, stately building | AHD/W7 | |
| domestic | adj | re: household/family | AHD/W7 | |
| domicile | n | house, abode, place of individual/family residence | AHD/W7 | |
| dominate | vb | to rule | AHD/W7 | |
| dominical | adj | re: Jesus Christ as Lord | AHD/W7 | |
| dominie | n | pedagogue | AHD/W7 | |
| dominion | n | sovereignty, supreme authority | AHD/W7 | |
| domino | n | long loose hooded cloak, part of masquerade costume | AHD/W7 | |
| don | n | Spanish nobleman/gentleman | AHD/W7 | |
| Donna | prop.n | female given name | AHD | |
| duende | n | attraction by personal charm/magnetism | AHD | |
| dungeon | n | donjon (massive tower) | AHD/W7 | |
| Madam | prop.n | My Lady [title for married woman] | AHD | |
| madam | n | lady | AHD/W7 | |
| Madonna | prop.n | Christian title of Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus | LRC | |
| predominate | vb | to prevail, exert controlling power/influence | AHD/W7 | |
| timber | n | (wood from) growing trees | AHD/W7 | |
| timber | vb | to build/construct with timber | W7 | |
| toft | n | site for dwelling and outbuildings | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | timber | n.neut | timber, material; building, structure | ASD/GED |
| timbra, timmera | vb | to timber | ASD | |
| timbria, timmeria | vb.wk | to timber | GED | |
| Dutch: | timmeren | vb | to timber | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | ge-timbrōn | vb | to timber | ASD |
| timbar | n | timber; building, structure | GED | |
| timbrian, timbrōn | vb.wk | to timber | GED | |
| timbro, timmero | n | timberer, carpenter | GED | |
| Old Low German: | ge-timbran | vb | to timber | ASD |
| timbar | n.neut | timber, material | ASD | |
| Old High German: | zimbar | n.neut | timber; room, building | ASD/W7 |
| zimbaren, zimbaron | vb.wk | to timber | GED | |
| zimber | n.str.neut | timber, material; building | GED | |
| German: | Dame | n.fem | dame, lady | LRC |
| Domizil | n.neut | domicile | LRC | |
| Zimmer | n.neut | room, chamber | LRC | |
| Zimmermann | n.masc | carpenter, lit. timber-man | LRC | |
| zimmern | vb | to timber, carpenter | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | timbra, timbrað | vb | to timber | LRC |
| topt | n | site for homestead | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | timbr(a) | n | timber; building, structure | GED |
| topt | n.fem | site, homestead | GED | |
| Icelandic: | timbr | n.neut | timber, material | ASD |
| timbra | vb | to timber | ASD | |
| Danish: | dame | n | dame, lady | TLL |
| tømre | vb | to timber | ASD | |
| Swedish: | dam | n | dame, lady | TLL |
| tomt | n | site, homestead | GED | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *ana-timrjan | vb.wk.I | to build upon | GED |
| *ga-timrjan | vb.wk.I | to build up | GED | |
| *ga-timrjo | n.fem | building, structure | GED | |
| timreins | n.fem | building, edification | GED | |
| timrja | n.masc | timberer, carpenter | GED | |
| *timrjan | vb.wk.I | to timber, build (up), edify | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | domesticus, domestica, domesticum | adj | domestic, re: domicile | LRC |
| domicilium | n.neut | domicile, one's house | W7 | |
| domina | n.fem | dame, lady, mistress | W7 | |
| dominicus | adj | of a lord | W7 | |
| dominium | n.neut | domain, ownership | W7 | |
| dominor, dominari, dominatus | vb | to rule, govern | W7 | |
| dominus, domini | n.masc | lord, master | LRC | |
| domus, domī | n.fem | house, dwelling | LRC | |
| domus, domūs | n.fem | house, dwelling | GED | |
| ēdomō, edomāre, edomuī, ēdomitum | vb | to conquer, subdue | LRC | |
| Vulgar Latin: | dominiarium | n.neut | ownership | W7 |
| *dominicella | n.fem.dim | young lady | AHD | |
| Late Latin: | dominicalis | adj | of Sunday | W7 |
| dominicus | adj | of Sunday | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | dominio, dominionis | n.masc | lord | W7 |
| domnus | n.masc | master | W7 | |
| domus | n.fem | church, house | W7 | |
| praedominor, praedomināri | vb.dep | to predominate | W7 | |
| Spanish: | don | n.masc | lord, master | W7 |
| Old French: | dame | n.fem | dame, lady, mistress | W7 |
| damisele | n.fem | young lady | AHD | |
| dongier, dangier | n.masc | danger, power, domination | W7 | |
| Middle French: | Dan | n.masc | title of member of religious order | W7 |
| despote | n.masc | tyrant | W7 | |
| domaine, demaine | n.masc | domain | W7 | |
| domestique | adj | re: house | W7 | |
| domicile | n.masc | one's house | W7 | |
| dominion | n.masc | dominion, empire | W7 | |
| donjon | n.masc | dungeon | W7 | |
| French: | dôme | n.masc | dome, cathedral | W7 |
| domino | n.masc | domino, board game | W7 | |
| madame | n.fem | madam | AHD | |
| mademoiselle | n.fem | girl, lit. my young lady | AHD | |
| American French: | Madame | prop.n.fem | Madam | AHD |
| Mademoiselle | prop.n.fem | Miss, My Young Lady [title for girl/unmarried woman] | AHD | |
| Italian: | belladònna | n.fem | belladonna, deadly nightshade | CID/W7 |
| duomo | n.masc | cathedral | W7 | |
| Madonna | n.fem | the Madonna, Saint Mary; Lady [title of nobility] | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | dimstis | n | estate, farmstead | GED |
| nãmas | n | house, dwelling | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | doma | adv | at home | LRC |
| domašьnь | adj | domestic, re: the household | LRC | |
| domъ | n.masc | house | GED | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | δάπεδον | n | floor, leveled ground | GED |
| δόμος | n.masc | home, house, course of bricks | GED | |
| δῶ | n.neut | house, dwelling | GED | |
| Greek: | δέμας | n | form, body, stature | GED |
| δέμω | vb | to join, build, construct | GED | |
| δεσπότης | n.masc | despot, lord (of the house) | GED | |
| δῶμα | n.neut | home, house, building | GED | |
| ἐποικοδομεῖν | vb | to build upon | GED | |
| οἰκοδομεῖν | vb | to build (up), strengthen, edify, benefit | GED | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | tun | n | house | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | dam- | n | house | GED |
| dəmąna- | n.neut | house, building | GED | |
| nmāna- | n.neut | house, building | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dám- | n | house, dwelling | GED |
| dám-pati- | n | lord of the house | GED | |
| mā́na- | n.masc | house, building | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dep | = | deponent |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
