Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: demə-, domə-, domə- 'to tame'
Semantic Field(s): Animal
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | damnain | vb | to tie up | LRC |
| Middle Irish: | damnaim | vb | to tame | GED |
| Gaulish: | dāma, damma | n | deer | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dā | n.fem | (female) deer | GED |
| tam | adj | tame | GED | |
| temmian | vb.wk | to tame | GED | |
| Middle English: | adamant | n | adamant | W7 |
| daunten | vb | to daunt | W7 | |
| diamaunde | n | diamond | W7 | |
| tame | adj | tame | W7 | |
| English: | adamant | n | stone believed to be impenetrably hard | AHD/W7 |
| daunt | vb.trans | to intimidate, lessen courage | AHD/W7 | |
| diamond | n | crystalline carbon: hardest known substance | AHD/W7 | |
| doe | n | (female) deer | GED | |
| indomitable | adj | unconquerable, incapable of being subdued | AHD/W7 | |
| tame | adj | domesticated, reduced from native state of wildness | AHD/W7 | |
| tame | vb | to subdue, train for the household | GED | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | tam | adj | tame | GED |
| tema | vb.wk | to tame | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | tam | adj | tame | GED |
| temmen | vb.wk | to tame | GED | |
| Old High German: | zam | adj | tame | GED |
| zemman, zamōn | vb.wk | to tame | GED | |
| zemmen | vb | to tame | LRC | |
| German: | Diamant | n.masc | diamond | LRC |
| zahm | adj | tame | LRC | |
| zähmen | vb | to tame | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | tamr | adj | tame | GED |
| temja | vb.wk | to tame | GED | |
| Icelandic: | temja | vb | to tame | ASD |
| Danish: | daa | n | doe | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-tamjan | vb.wk.I | to tame | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | adamas, adamantis | n.masc | hardest metal, diamond | W7 |
| domitō, domitāre, domitāvī, domitātus | vb.freq | to tame, break in | W7 | |
| domō, domāre, domuī, domitus | vb | to tame, tie up, domesticate | GED | |
| Late Latin: | diamas, diamantis | n.masc | diamond | W7 |
| indomitabilis | adj | indomitable | W7 | |
| Old French: | adamant | n.masc | hardest metal, diamond | W7 |
| danter, donter | vb | to tame | W7 | |
| Middle French: | diamant | n.masc | diamond | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | δαμνάω | vb | to tame | LRC |
| δάμνημι | vb | to tame | GED | |
| Greek: | δαμάλης | n | young steer | GED |
| δάμαλις | n | heifer | GED | |
| *δᾰμάω | vb | to tame | GED | |
| δμώς | n | slave | GED | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | damas- | vb | to push, press | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| New Persian: | dām | n | tamed animal | GED |
| Ossetic: | domun | vb | to tame | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | damáyati | vb | to subdue | GED |
| dámas | n | act of taming | GED | |
| dāmyáti | vb | to tame, tie up | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |