Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: demə-, domə-, domə- 'to tame'
Semantic Field(s): Animal
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | damnain | vb | to tie up | LRC |
Middle Irish: | damnaim | vb | to tame | GED |
Gaulish: | dāma, damma | n | deer | GED |
English | ||||
Old English: | dā | n.fem | (female) deer | GED |
tam | adj | tame | GED | |
temmian | vb.wk | to tame | GED | |
Middle English: | adamant | n | adamant | W7 |
daunten | vb | to daunt | W7 | |
diamaunde | n | diamond | W7 | |
tame | adj | tame | W7 | |
English: | adamant | n | stone believed to be impenetrably hard | AHD/W7 |
daunt | vb.trans | to intimidate, lessen courage | AHD/W7 | |
diamond | n | crystalline carbon: hardest known substance | AHD/W7 | |
doe | n | (female) deer | GED | |
indomitable | adj | unconquerable, incapable of being subdued | AHD/W7 | |
tame | adj | domesticated, reduced from native state of wildness | AHD/W7 | |
tame | vb | to subdue, train for the household | GED | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | tam | adj | tame | GED |
tema | vb.wk | to tame | GED | |
Middle Low German: | tam | adj | tame | GED |
temmen | vb.wk | to tame | GED | |
Old High German: | zam | adj | tame | GED |
zemman, zamōn | vb.wk | to tame | GED | |
zemmen | vb | to tame | LRC | |
German: | Diamant | n.masc | diamond | LRC |
zahm | adj | tame | LRC | |
zähmen | vb | to tame | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | tamr | adj | tame | GED |
temja | vb.wk | to tame | GED | |
Icelandic: | temja | vb | to tame | ASD |
Danish: | daa | n | doe | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | ga-tamjan | vb.wk.I | to tame | GED |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | adamas, adamantis | n.masc | hardest metal, diamond | W7 |
domitō, domitāre, domitāvī, domitātus | vb.freq | to tame, break in | W7 | |
domō, domāre, domuī, domitus | vb | to tame, tie up, domesticate | GED | |
Late Latin: | diamas, diamantis | n.masc | diamond | W7 |
indomitabilis | adj | indomitable | W7 | |
Old French: | adamant | n.masc | hardest metal, diamond | W7 |
danter, donter | vb | to tame | W7 | |
Middle French: | diamant | n.masc | diamond | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | δαμνάω | vb | to tame | LRC |
δάμνημι | vb | to tame | GED | |
Greek: | δαμάλης | n | young steer | GED |
δάμαλις | n | heifer | GED | |
*δᾰμάω | vb | to tame | GED | |
δμώς | n | slave | GED | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | damas- | vb | to push, press | GED |
Iranian | ||||
New Persian: | dām | n | tamed animal | GED |
Ossetic: | domun | vb | to tame | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | damáyati | vb | to subdue | GED |
dámas | n | act of taming | GED | |
dāmyáti | vb | to tame, tie up | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |