Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: deph- 'to push, stamp, thrust'
Semantic Field(s): to Push, Shove, to Press
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | letter | n | letter | W7 |
| literal | adj | literal | W7 | |
| English: | alliterate | vb | to form/make alliteration | AHD/W7 |
| alliteration | n | repetition of initial (usu. consonant) sounds in neighboring words/syllables | AHD/W7 | |
| diphtheria | n | acute febrile contagious desease | AHD/W7 | |
| illiterate | adj | unlettered, having little/no education | AHD/W7 | |
| letter | n | written/printed symbol representing speech sound | AHD/W7 | |
| literal | adj | according with letter(s) of scripture | AHD/W7 | |
| literatim | adv | letter-for-letter | AHD/W7 | |
| obliterate | vb.trans | to make undecipherable/imperceptible by obscuring/wearing away | AHD/W7 | |
| transliterate | vb.trans | to spell/represent in letters of another alphabet | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | illiteratus | adj | illiterate | W7 |
| littera | n.fem | letter of the alphabet | W7 | |
| litterae | n.fem.pl | epistle, literature | W7 | |
| litteralis | adj | of a letter | W7 | |
| litteratus | adj | marked with letters, literate | W7 | |
| oblittero, oblitterare, oblitteravi, oblitteratus | vb | to cancel, blot out | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | literatim | adv | literatim, literally | W7 |
| litteralis | adj | literal, of letters | W7 | |
| New Latin: | diphtheria | n.fem | diphteria | W7 |
| Old French: | lettre | n.fem | letter (of the alphabet) | W7 |
| Middle French: | literal | adj | literal | W7 |
| French: | diphthérie | n.fem | diphteria | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | diphthera | n.fem | leather | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
