Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. der-, drā-, dreb-, drem-, dreu- 'to run, trip, tread, tramp'
Semantic Field(s): to Run, to Walk, to Drop, Foot
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | tredan, træd, trǣdon, treden | vb.str | to tread | ASD/GED |
treddan | vb.wk | to tread, trample | ASD/GED | |
treddian | vb.wk | to tread | GED | |
tredel | n.masc | step, sole | ASD/GED | |
trem, trym | n.neut | step | GED | |
treppan | vb | to tread | W7 | |
treppe | n.fem | trap | W7 | |
trod(u) | n.neut/fem | track | GED | |
Middle English: | dromedarie | n | dromedary | W7 |
dromond | n | dromond | W7 | |
titeren | vb | to totter, reel | W7 | |
trade | n | trade | W7 | |
trampen | vb | to tramp | W7 | |
tramplen | vb.freq | to trample | W7 | |
trap | n | snare, pitfall | W7 | |
tredel | n | treadle, stairstep | W7 | |
treden | vb | to tread | W7 | |
trippen | vb | to trip | W7 | |
trot | n | trot | W7 | |
English: | anadromous | adj | ascending rivers from sea for breeding | AHD/W7 |
-drome | n.sfx | field, (race)course, arena | AHD | |
dromedary | n | speedy camel, bred/trained for riding | AHD/W7 | |
dromond | n | large fast medieval galley/cutter | AHD/W7 | |
-dromous | adj.sfx | running | AHD/W7 | |
entrap | vb.trans | to catch (as if) in trap | AHD/W7 | |
loxodrome | n | rhumb line | AHD/W2I | |
palindrome | n | text spelled the same backward/forward | AHD/W7 | |
prodromal | adj | precursory, marked by prodromes | W7 | |
prodrome | n | premonitory symptom of disease | AHD/W7 | |
teeter | vb.intrans | to wobble, move unsteadily | AHD/W7 | |
trade | n | way, path traversed | AHD/W7 | |
tramp | vb | to walk/tread/step (esp. heavily) | AHD/W7 | |
trample | vb | to tramp repeatedly | IEW | |
trampoline | n | resilient canvas web/sheet held in frame by springs | AHD/W7 | |
trap | n | snare/device for taking game/other animals | AHD/W7 | |
trap | n | fine-grained igneous rocks (e.g. basalt/amygdaloid) | AHD/W7 | |
tread, trod, trodden | vb.str | to step/walk on/over | AHD/W7 | |
treadle | n | swiveling lever pressed by foot to drive machine | AHD/W7 | |
trip | vb | to skip/dance/caper with quick light steps | AHD/W7 | |
troll | n | giant inhabiting hills/caves (Teutonic folklore) | W7 | |
troll-fells | n | rocky troll locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
trot | n | moderately fast gait (legs of quadruped move in diagonal pairs) | AHD/W7 | |
wentletrap | n | marine snail with white shell | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | treda | vb.str | to tread, trample upon | GED |
treppe | n | step | ASD | |
Middle Dutch: | trappe | n.fem | trap, stair | W7 |
treden | vb.str | to tread | GED | |
wendeltrappe | n | winding stair | W7 | |
Dutch: | trap | n | stairs | TLL |
trappen | vb | to tread, trample | ASD | |
wenteltrap | n | winding stair | W7 | |
Old Saxon: | trada | n | track, treading | GED |
Old Low German: | tredan, tretan | vb | to tread (down), trample upon | ASD |
Middle Low German: | trade | n | track, treading | GED |
trampen | vb | to tramp, stamp | W7 | |
trappe | n.fem | trap, stair | W7 | |
treden | vb.str | to tread | GED | |
Old High German: | trapo | n.fem | trap | ASD |
trata | n | track, course, treading | GED | |
tretan | vb.str | to tread | GED | |
trettōn | vb | to tread, trample upon | ASD | |
trota | n.wk.fem | wine-press | GED | |
trotōn | vb.wk | to press | GED | |
trottōn | vb | to tread | W7 | |
zittarōn | vb | to shiver, tremble | GED | |
Middle High German: | treten | vb.str | to tread | GED |
trol(le) | n.masc | troll, goblin, monster | IEW | |
trot(t)e | n.wk.fem | wine-press | GED | |
German: | Trampolin | n.fem | trampoline | LRC |
Treppe | n.fem | step, stairs, staircase | ASD | |
treten | vb | to tread | LRC | |
trotten | vb | to trot | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | troll | n.neut | troll, fiend, demon, monster | IEW/W7 |
trolldómr | n | witchcraft | OED | |
Old Icelandic: | (a-)troð | n | treading | GED |
titra | vb | to tremble | GED | |
treðja | vb | to tread upon, trample | GED | |
troða, trað | vb.str | to tread | GED | |
trǫð | n.fem | cow-pen, fenced lane | GED | |
Icelandic: | tratta | vb | to tread (under foot), trample upon | ASD |
troð | n.neut | treading | ASD | |
troða | vb | to tread (down), trample upon | ASD | |
Norwegian: | troll | n | troll, dwarf | W7 |
Danish: | trappe | n | stairs | TLL |
trold | n | troll, imp, dwarf | OED/W7 | |
Swedish: | trapp(a) | n | step, stair | W7 |
troll | n | troll, imp, dwarf | OED | |
trolla | vb | to charm, bewitch | OED | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | ga-trudan | vb.str.IV | to tread down | GED |
trudan | vb.str.IV | to tread, trample upon | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Late Latin: | dromo, dromonis | n.masc | light ship | W7 |
New Latin: | -dromus | sfx | -dromous, re: running | W7 |
Spanish: | trampolín | n.masc | trampoline | W7 |
Middle French: | dromedaire | n.masc | dromedary | W7 |
dromont | n.masc | dromond | W7 | |
entraper | vb | to entrap | W7 | |
trape | n.fem | trap | W7 | |
trot | n.masc | trot | W7 | |
French: | prodrome | n.masc | ensemble of symptoms leading up to the development of a medical condition | W7 |
trottoir | n | sidewalk | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | δρόμος | n.masc | race, course, running | GED |
Greek: | anadramein | vb | to run upward | W7 |
anadromos | adj | running upward | W7 | |
(ἀπο-)διδρᾱ́σκω | vb | to escape | GED | |
δραμεῖν | vb | to run | GED | |
dromas | adj | running | W7 | |
drómos | n.masc | run, race, course | W7 | |
dromōn | n.masc | race | W7 | |
palindromos | adj | running back again | W7 | |
πρό-δρομος | adj | prodromal, running forward/in advance | LS | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | drámati | vb | to run about | GED |
drávati | vb | to run | GED | |
drā́ti | vb | to run, gallop | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
IV | = | class 4 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |