Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. der-, heavy-base derə-, drē- 'to cut, skin, split, tear'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut, Skin, Hide, to Split
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | drenn | n | quarrel | GED |
Cornish: | darn | n | piece, portion, fragment | GED |
Welsh: | darn | n | piece, portion, fragment | GED/RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | taru | n | tear, rent | RPN |
teart | adj | sharp, severe | W7 | |
teran, tær, tǣron, toren | vb.str.IV | to tear (apart), lacerate | ASD/GED/RPN | |
torn | n.str.masc | anger | GED | |
Middle English: | tart | adj | tart | W7 |
teren | vb | to tear | W7 | |
terren | vb | to quarrel | GED | |
teter | n | tetter | W7 | |
English: | dahl | n | pigeon pea; stewed lentils/legumes | AHD |
-derm | n.sfx | skin, covering | AHD/W7 | |
-derma | n.sfx | skin (ailment) | AHD/W7 | |
dermato- | pfx | re: skin | AHD | |
derris | n | tropical leguminous Old World shrub/vine | AHD/W7 | |
dhurrie | n | flat-woven cotton rug | AHD | |
epidermis | n | outer, epithelial layer of skin | AHD/W7 | |
phelloderm | n | tissue produced inwardly by cork cambium | AHD | |
tare | n | weed | IEW | |
tart | adj | pungent, agreeably sharp to taste | AHD/W7 | |
tear, tore, torn | vb.str | to rend, separate/pull apart by force | AHD/W7 | |
tetter | n | vesicular skin disease (e.g. herpes, ringworm, eczema) | AHD/W7 | |
turd | n.vulg | dung, feces, piece of excrement | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | tera | vb.str.IV | to tear apart | GED |
tornig | adj | angry | GED | |
Dutch: | tarwe | n | wheat | TLL |
toorn | n.neut | anger | ASD | |
torn | n | division | GED | |
tornen | vb | to undo; depart | GED | |
Old Saxon: | farterian | vb.wk | to devour | GED |
terian | vb.str.IV | to tear (apart) | GED/RPN | |
torn | n.neut | grief, affliction | ASD | |
torn | n.str.masc | anger | GED | |
Middle Low German: | terren | vb | to quarrel | GED |
Low German: | terren | vb | to excite | GED |
Old High German: | firzeran | vb.str.IV | to tear apart | GED |
zeran | vb.str.IV | to rend, tear (apart), destroy | GED/RPN | |
zerren | vb.wk | to tear | GED | |
zorn | n.str.masc | grief, anger, jealousy, excitement | GED | |
Middle High German: | traz | n | spite | W7 |
verzern | vb.wk | to devour | GED | |
zornig | adj | angry | GED | |
German: | Trotz | n.masc | defiance | LRC |
trotz | prep | in spite of | TLL | |
verzehren | vb | to devour | LRC | |
Zorn | n.masc | grief, anger | LRC | |
zornig | adj | angry | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | trauðr | adj | unwilling, reluctant | LRC |
Old Icelandic: | trefill | n | rag, tatter | RPN |
trefr | n | fringe(s) | RPN | |
tröf | n | fringe(s) | RPN | |
Danish: | trods | prep | in spite of | TLL |
Swedish: | trots | prep | in spite of | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *af-taurnan | vb.wk.IV | to tear off | GED/RPN |
*dis-tairan | vb.str.IV | to rend, tear apart | GED | |
*dis-taurnan | vb.wk.IV | to tear apart | GED/RPN | |
*ga-tairan | vb.str.IV | to break, destroy, tear down/apart | GED | |
*ga-tarnjan | vb.wk.I | to rob, take away | GED/RPN | |
*ga-taurnan | vb.wk.IV | to tear, cease, vanish, be destroyed | GED | |
*ga-taurþs | n.fem | destruction | GED | |
*tarmjan | vb.wk.I | to break forth | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Late Latin: | epidermis | n.fem | epidermis | W7 |
New Latin: | -derma | sfx | skin | W7 |
French: | -derme | sfx | skin | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | diriù, derù, dìrti | vb | to flay | RPN |
dir̃ti | vb | to tear, flay | GED | |
Latvian: | dur̃ns | adj | confused | GED |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | derǫ, dьrǫ, dьrati | vb | to flay, tear apart | GED/RPN |
Russian: | dertь | n | cleared land | GED |
drápat', drapát' | vb.dial | to scrape, scratch | RPN | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | drapër | n | sickle | RPN |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | δέρμα | n.neut | skin | GED |
derris | n.fem | skin | W7 | |
δέρω | vb | to skin, flay | GED | |
δορός | n | leather bag | GED | |
δρέπανον | n | scythe | RPN | |
δρέπω | vb | to cull, pluck | RPN | |
epidermis | n.fem | skin | W7 | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | tarna- | vb | to leave | GED |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | teṙem | vb | to flay | GED/RPN |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | dərətō | vb | to split | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | dárt | vb | to burst | GED |
dīrṇás | adj | split, confused | GED | |
dŕ̥ṭiṣ | n | leather bag | GED | |
dr̥ṇā́ti | vb | to rend, tear, split, (cause to) burst | GED/RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
IV | = | class 4 |
adj | = | adjective |
dial | = | dialectal |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
prep | = | preposition |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
vulg | = | vulgar |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |