Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. der-, heavy-base derə-, drē- 'to cut, skin, split, tear'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut, Skin, Hide, to Split
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | drenn | n | quarrel | GED |
| Cornish: | darn | n | piece, portion, fragment | GED |
| Welsh: | darn | n | piece, portion, fragment | GED/RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | taru | n | tear, rent | RPN |
| teart | adj | sharp, severe | W7 | |
| teran, tær, tǣron, toren | vb.str.IV | to tear (apart), lacerate | ASD/GED/RPN | |
| torn | n.str.masc | anger | GED | |
| Middle English: | tart | adj | tart | W7 |
| teren | vb | to tear | W7 | |
| terren | vb | to quarrel | GED | |
| teter | n | tetter | W7 | |
| English: | dahl | n | pigeon pea; stewed lentils/legumes | AHD |
| -derm | n.sfx | skin, covering | AHD/W7 | |
| -derma | n.sfx | skin (ailment) | AHD/W7 | |
| dermato- | pfx | re: skin | AHD | |
| derris | n | tropical leguminous Old World shrub/vine | AHD/W7 | |
| dhurrie | n | flat-woven cotton rug | AHD | |
| epidermis | n | outer, epithelial layer of skin | AHD/W7 | |
| phelloderm | n | tissue produced inwardly by cork cambium | AHD | |
| tare | n | weed | IEW | |
| tart | adj | pungent, agreeably sharp to taste | AHD/W7 | |
| tear, tore, torn | vb.str | to rend, separate/pull apart by force | AHD/W7 | |
| tetter | n | vesicular skin disease (e.g. herpes, ringworm, eczema) | AHD/W7 | |
| turd | n.vulg | dung, feces, piece of excrement | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | tera | vb.str.IV | to tear apart | GED |
| tornig | adj | angry | GED | |
| Dutch: | tarwe | n | wheat | TLL |
| toorn | n.neut | anger | ASD | |
| torn | n | division | GED | |
| tornen | vb | to undo; depart | GED | |
| Old Saxon: | farterian | vb.wk | to devour | GED |
| terian | vb.str.IV | to tear (apart) | GED/RPN | |
| torn | n.neut | grief, affliction | ASD | |
| torn | n.str.masc | anger | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | terren | vb | to quarrel | GED |
| Low German: | terren | vb | to excite | GED |
| Old High German: | firzeran | vb.str.IV | to tear apart | GED |
| zeran | vb.str.IV | to rend, tear (apart), destroy | GED/RPN | |
| zerren | vb.wk | to tear | GED | |
| zorn | n.str.masc | grief, anger, jealousy, excitement | GED | |
| Middle High German: | traz | n | spite | W7 |
| verzern | vb.wk | to devour | GED | |
| zornig | adj | angry | GED | |
| German: | Trotz | n.masc | defiance | LRC |
| trotz | prep | in spite of | TLL | |
| verzehren | vb | to devour | LRC | |
| Zorn | n.masc | grief, anger | LRC | |
| zornig | adj | angry | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | trauðr | adj | unwilling, reluctant | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | trefill | n | rag, tatter | RPN |
| trefr | n | fringe(s) | RPN | |
| tröf | n | fringe(s) | RPN | |
| Danish: | trods | prep | in spite of | TLL |
| Swedish: | trots | prep | in spite of | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *af-taurnan | vb.wk.IV | to tear off | GED/RPN |
| *dis-tairan | vb.str.IV | to rend, tear apart | GED | |
| *dis-taurnan | vb.wk.IV | to tear apart | GED/RPN | |
| *ga-tairan | vb.str.IV | to break, destroy, tear down/apart | GED | |
| *ga-tarnjan | vb.wk.I | to rob, take away | GED/RPN | |
| *ga-taurnan | vb.wk.IV | to tear, cease, vanish, be destroyed | GED | |
| *ga-taurþs | n.fem | destruction | GED | |
| *tarmjan | vb.wk.I | to break forth | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Late Latin: | epidermis | n.fem | epidermis | W7 |
| New Latin: | -derma | sfx | skin | W7 |
| French: | -derme | sfx | skin | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | diriù, derù, dìrti | vb | to flay | RPN |
| dir̃ti | vb | to tear, flay | GED | |
| Latvian: | dur̃ns | adj | confused | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | derǫ, dьrǫ, dьrati | vb | to flay, tear apart | GED/RPN |
| Russian: | dertь | n | cleared land | GED |
| drápat', drapát' | vb.dial | to scrape, scratch | RPN | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | drapër | n | sickle | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | δέρμα | n.neut | skin | GED |
| derris | n.fem | skin | W7 | |
| δέρω | vb | to skin, flay | GED | |
| δορός | n | leather bag | GED | |
| δρέπανον | n | scythe | RPN | |
| δρέπω | vb | to cull, pluck | RPN | |
| epidermis | n.fem | skin | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | tarna- | vb | to leave | GED |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | teṙem | vb | to flay | GED/RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | dərətō | vb | to split | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dárt | vb | to burst | GED |
| dīrṇás | adj | split, confused | GED | |
| dŕ̥ṭiṣ | n | leather bag | GED | |
| dr̥ṇā́ti | vb | to rend, tear, split, (cause to) burst | GED/RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| IV | = | class 4 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dial | = | dialectal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| vulg | = | vulgar |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |