Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: derk̑- 'to look'
Semantic Field(s): to Look
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | derc | n | eye | GED |
drech | n | face | GED | |
Welsh: | drych | n | aspect | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | draca | n.masc | dragon | ASD/W7 |
torht | adj | clear, bright | GED | |
Middle English: | dragon | n | dragon | W7 |
drake | n | drake | W7 | |
ranclen | vb | to fester | W7 | |
tarne | n | tarn | W7 | |
English: | dragon | n | huge serpent | AHD/W7 |
dragoon | n | member of European military unit: heavily armed mounted troops | AHD/W7 | |
drake | n | small artillery piece | AHD/W7 | |
rankle | vb | to cause anger/bitterness/deep irritation | AHD/W7 | |
tarn | n | small inland/mountain lake | W7 | |
tarragon | n | aromatic Eurasian herb | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | draak | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
Old Saxon: | tor(o)ht | adj | clear, bright, splendid | ASD/GED |
Old High German: | ougo-zorhtan | vb.wk | to reveal | GED |
tracho | n.masc | dragon | ASD | |
zoraht | adj | bright, clear, evident | GED | |
Middle High German: | trache, tracke | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
German: | Drache | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | tjörn | n.fem | tarn | W7 |
Old Icelandic: | tjǫrn | n.fem | tarn | GED |
Icelandic: | dreki | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
Danish: | drage | n.masc/fem | dragon | ASD |
Swedish: | drake | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | ga-tarhjan | vb.wk.I | to note, expose, distinguish, make public | GED |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | draco, draconis | n.masc | snake, dragon | W7 |
dracunculus | n.masc | small snake | W7 | |
New Latin: | tarchon | n | tarragon | AHD |
Spanish: | dragón | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
Old French: | dragon | n.masc | dragon, monster | W7 |
draoncle | n.masc | furuncle, abcess | W7 | |
draoncler | vb | to ooze out pus | W7 | |
raoncle | n.masc | festering sore | W7 | |
raoncler | vb | to fester | W7 | |
Middle French: | rancler | vb | to rankle | W7 |
French: | dragon | n.masc | dragon | W7 |
Italian: | dragóne | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | dritë | n | light | GED |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | δέρκομαι | vb | to look (at), see | LRC |
δράκων | n.masc | snake, serpent | LRC | |
Greek: | δέργμα | n.neut | look, glance | GED |
δέρκομαι | vb | to see (clearly) | GED | |
δράκων | n.masc | dragon; tarragon | GED | |
Medieval Greek: | tarkhōn | n | tarragon | AHD |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | dādarəsa | vb.perf | have seen | GED |
daršti- | n | sight | LRC | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | dadárśa | vb.perf | have seen | GED |
dárśat | vb.3.sg.aor.subj | have seen | GED | |
darśáyati | vb | to cause to see | GED | |
darś- | vb | to see | LRC | |
dr̥ś- | vb | to view | GED | |
dr̥ṣṭás | vb.perf | seen | GED | |
dr̥ṣṭiṣ | vb | to glance | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
3 | = | 3rd person |
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
aor | = | aorist (tense) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
perf | = | perfect (aspect) |
sg | = | singular (number) |
subj | = | subjunctive (mood) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |