Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: derk̑- 'to look'
Semantic Field(s): to Look
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | derc | n | eye | GED |
| drech | n | face | GED | |
| Welsh: | drych | n | aspect | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | draca | n.masc | dragon | ASD/W7 |
| torht | adj | clear, bright | GED | |
| Middle English: | dragon | n | dragon | W7 |
| drake | n | drake | W7 | |
| ranclen | vb | to fester | W7 | |
| tarne | n | tarn | W7 | |
| English: | dragon | n | huge serpent | AHD/W7 |
| dragoon | n | member of European military unit: heavily armed mounted troops | AHD/W7 | |
| drake | n | small artillery piece | AHD/W7 | |
| rankle | vb | to cause anger/bitterness/deep irritation | AHD/W7 | |
| tarn | n | small inland/mountain lake | W7 | |
| tarragon | n | aromatic Eurasian herb | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | draak | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | tor(o)ht | adj | clear, bright, splendid | ASD/GED |
| Old High German: | ougo-zorhtan | vb.wk | to reveal | GED |
| tracho | n.masc | dragon | ASD | |
| zoraht | adj | bright, clear, evident | GED | |
| Middle High German: | trache, tracke | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
| German: | Drache | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | tjörn | n.fem | tarn | W7 |
| Old Icelandic: | tjǫrn | n.fem | tarn | GED |
| Icelandic: | dreki | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
| Danish: | drage | n.masc/fem | dragon | ASD |
| Swedish: | drake | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-tarhjan | vb.wk.I | to note, expose, distinguish, make public | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | draco, draconis | n.masc | snake, dragon | W7 |
| dracunculus | n.masc | small snake | W7 | |
| New Latin: | tarchon | n | tarragon | AHD |
| Spanish: | dragón | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
| Old French: | dragon | n.masc | dragon, monster | W7 |
| draoncle | n.masc | furuncle, abcess | W7 | |
| draoncler | vb | to ooze out pus | W7 | |
| raoncle | n.masc | festering sore | W7 | |
| raoncler | vb | to fester | W7 | |
| Middle French: | rancler | vb | to rankle | W7 |
| French: | dragon | n.masc | dragon | W7 |
| Italian: | dragóne | n.masc | dragon | ASD |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | dritë | n | light | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | δέρκομαι | vb | to look (at), see | LRC |
| δράκων | n.masc | snake, serpent | LRC | |
| Greek: | δέργμα | n.neut | look, glance | GED |
| δέρκομαι | vb | to see (clearly) | GED | |
| δράκων | n.masc | dragon; tarragon | GED | |
| Medieval Greek: | tarkhōn | n | tarragon | AHD |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | dādarəsa | vb.perf | have seen | GED |
| daršti- | n | sight | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dadárśa | vb.perf | have seen | GED |
| dárśat | vb.3.sg.aor.subj | have seen | GED | |
| darśáyati | vb | to cause to see | GED | |
| darś- | vb | to see | LRC | |
| dr̥ś- | vb | to view | GED | |
| dr̥ṣṭás | vb.perf | seen | GED | |
| dr̥ṣṭiṣ | vb | to glance | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| aor | = | aorist (tense) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| perf | = | perfect (aspect) |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| subj | = | subjunctive (mood) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |