Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: deru-, dō̆ru-, dr(e)u-, drou-, dreu̯ə- : drū- 'firm, solid; tree, wood'
Semantic Field(s): Hard, Tree, Oak, Wood, Timber
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | dair, daur | n | oak | GED |
| derucc | n | acorn | GED | |
| druid | n | druid, lit. tree-seer | GED | |
| drūi | adj | knowing certainly | GED | |
| Old Breton: | dar, deru- | n | oak | GED |
| Cornish: | dar | n | oak | GED |
| Welsh: | dar | n | oak | GED |
| derwen | n | oak | GED/RPN | |
| Gaulish: | *darik- | n | larch-tree | GED |
| Dervus | prop.n | Oakwood | GED | |
| druides | adj | knowing certainly | GED | |
| druides | n.masc | druid, lit. tree-seer | W7 | |
| drū́tas | adj | firm | GED | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | te(o)ru | n.neut | tar, resin | GED |
| tierwe | n.neut | tar, resin | GED/RPN | |
| trēg, trīg | n.neut | tray, trough | ASD/W7 | |
| trēo(w) | n | tree, wood, beam | GED | |
| trēow | n | truth, fidelity | W7 | |
| trēowan | vb | to trow | W7 | |
| trēowe | adj | true, faithful | W7 | |
| trēowen | adj | wooden, of a tree | GED | |
| trēowþ | n | truth, troth | W7 | |
| trog, troh | n.masc | trough | ASD/W7 | |
| trum | adj | strong, firm | W7 | |
| truwa | n.masc | trust, belief | GED | |
| trūwian | vb.wk | to trust | GED | |
| trymian | vb | to trim | W7 | |
| trymman | vb | to strengthen, arrange | W7 | |
| Middle English: | axeltre | n | axletree | W7 |
| betrouthen | vb | to betroth | W7 | |
| dour | adj | dour | W7 | |
| duresse | n | duress | W7 | |
| enduren | vb | to endure | W7 | |
| obdurate | adj | obdurate | W7 | |
| tarr, terr | n | tar | W7 | |
| tray | n | tray | W7 | |
| tree | n | tree | W7 | |
| trewe | adj | true | W7 | |
| trewe | n | agreement | W7 | |
| trig | adj | trig | W7 | |
| trimmen | vb | to prepare, put in order | W7 | |
| trost, trust | n | trust | GED | |
| trough | n | trough | W7 | |
| trouth(e) | n | truth, troth | W7 | |
| trowen | vb | to trow | W7 | |
| trust | n | trust | W7 | |
| tryst | n | tryst | W7 | |
| English: | axletree | n | fixed bar/beam with bearings for wheels | AHD/W7 |
| betroth | vb.trans | to promise to marry/give in marriage | AHD/W7 | |
| dendro- | pfx | tree-like, re: tree(s) | AHD | |
| dendrobium | n | (genus of) SE Asian orchid | AHD/CDC | |
| dendron | n | dendrite: protoplasmic nerve-cell process | AHD/CDC | |
| deodar | n | East Indian cedar | AHD/W7 | |
| dour | adj | harsh, stern | AHD/W7 | |
| druid | n | Celtic priest: seer, wizard, magician | AHD/W7 | |
| dryad | n | wood nymph | AHD/W7 | |
| dryopithecine | n | Old World anthropoid ape of Miocene/Pliocene epoch | AHD/W7 | |
| duramen | n | heartwood | AHD/W7 | |
| duress | n | forcible restraint/restriction | AHD/W7 | |
| durum | n | hardy wheat used for pasta | AHD | |
| endure | vb | to last, continue in same state | AHD/W7 | |
| germander | n | plant in mint family | AHD/W7 | |
| indurate | vb | to make stubborn/obdurate/unfeeling | AHD/W7 | |
| obdurate | adj | hardened in feelings | AHD/W7 | |
| philodendron | n | aroid flowering plant | AHD/W7 | |
| rhododendron | n | evergreen shrub/tree with showy flowers | AHD/W7 | |
| tar | n | dark brown/black bituminous viscous liquid | AHD/W7 | |
| tray | n | open, low rimmed, flat-bottomed receptacle for holding/carrying/exhibiting articles | AHD/W7 | |
| tree | n | woody perennial plant with single elongated main stem | AHD/W7 | |
| Treebeard | prop.n | Ent a.k.a. Fangorn in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Treegarth | prop.n | Ent/Huorn enclosure in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| tree-herd | n | Ent description in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| trig | adj | smart, stylishly trim | AHD/W7 | |
| trim | vb | to adorn, embellish with lace/ribbons/ornaments | AHD/W7 | |
| troth | n | fidelity, loyal/pledged faithfulness | AHD/W7 | |
| trough | n | long shallow V-shaped receptacle for feeding/watering domestic animals | AHD/W7 | |
| trouse | n | trash, waste, rubbish | IEW | |
| trow | vb | to trust, believe | AHD/GED/W7 | |
| truce | n | cease-fire, armistice, suspension of fighting | AHD/W7 | |
| true | adj | loyal, steadfast | AHD/W7 | |
| true | adv | truthfully | AHD/W7 | |
| trust | n | reliance on truth/strength/character/ability | AHD/W7 | |
| trust | vb | to hope, be confident, rely/depend on | W7 | |
| truth | n | constancy, fidelity | AHD/W7 | |
| tryst | n | agreement (e.g. between lovers) to meet | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | trug | n | shallow oval gardening basket | AHD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | trāst | n | trust | GED |
| trē | n.neut | tree, wood, beam | ASD/GED | |
| triuwe, treuwe | n.fem | truth | ASD | |
| triuwe | adj | true, faithful, trustworthy | ASD | |
| trouwa | n.masc | trust, faith, belief | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | troose | n | trust | GED |
| Dutch: | teer | n | tar | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | treo, trio, triu | n.str.neut | tree, beam, cross | ASD/GED/RPN |
| trewa | n.fem | truth | ASD | |
| triuwi | adj | true, faithful, trustworthy | ASD | |
| trūōn | vb.wk | to trust, be confident | GED | |
| Old Low German: | treuwa | n.fem | treaty, agreement | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | trūwe | n.fem | trust, belief | GED |
| Low German: | teer | n.fem | tar | GED |
| Old High German: | ga-triuwida | n.fem | confidence | ASD |
| gi-triuwi | adj | true, faithful, trustworthy | W7 | |
| triuwa | n.fem | accord, treaty, agreement | ASD | |
| trog | n.masc | trough, basin, hollow, channel, cavity | ASD | |
| trōst | n | trust | GED | |
| trūwa | n.fem | trust, belief | GED | |
| trū(w)ēn | vb.wk | to trust | GED | |
| German: | Druide | n.masc | druid | LRC |
| getrost | adv | confidently | LRC | |
| Teer | n.masc | tar | LRC | |
| trauen | vb | to trow | LRC | |
| Trost | n.masc | solace, comfort, consolation | GED | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | traust | n | trust, agreement | W7 |
| tré | n.neut | tree; log, beam | LRC | |
| trúa(ð) | vb | to believe, trust, have faith in | LRC | |
| tryggr | adj | faithful | W7 | |
| öxultrē | n | axletree | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | dārvi- | n.fem | ladle | GED |
| tjara | n.neut | tar | GED | |
| traust | n.neut | trust, support, firmness, confidence | GED | |
| trē | n | tree, wood, beam | GED | |
| tros | n | trouse | IEW | |
| trū | n | trust, belief | GED | |
| trūa | vb.wk | to trust | GED | |
| tyrvi | n.neut | resinous fir-tree | GED | |
| Icelandic: | tjara | n.neut | tar, resin, gum | ASD |
| tŕa | vb | to trust, believe | ASD | |
| tré | n.neut | tree, wood, beam | ASD | |
| trog | n.masc | trough, tub, basin | ASD | |
| trúa | n.masc | trust, faith, belief | ASD | |
| tryggð | n.fem | truce; faith | ASD | |
| tryggr | adj | true, faithful, trustworthy | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | treen | adj | hard | GED |
| Danish: | tjære | n | tar | TLL |
| træ | n | tree; wood | TLL | |
| Swedish: | tjära | n | tar | TLL |
| trä | n | wood | TLL | |
| träd | n | tree | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | trauains | n.fem | trust, confidence | GED |
| trauan | vb.wk.III | to trust, confide | GED | |
| triggwa | n.fem | covenant | ASD | |
| triggws | adj | true, faithful | ASD | |
| *triu | n.neut | tree, wood, stick, branch; staff | GED/RPN | |
| triweins | adj | wooden | ASD | |
| weina-triu | n.neut | vine | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | druidae, druides | n.masc.pl | druids | W7 |
| dryas, dryadis | n.fem | dryad | W7 | |
| duramen | n.neut | hardness | W7 | |
| duritia, duritiae | n.fem | hardship, hardness | LRC | |
| durus | adj | hard | W7 | |
| rhododendron | n.neut | rosebay | W7 | |
| New Latin: | philodendron | n.neut | (genus of) aroid flowering plant | W7 |
| Middle French: | duresce | n.fem | hardness, severity | W7 |
| endurer | vb | to endure | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | druwis | n | belief | GED |
| druwīt | vb | to believe | GED | |
| Lithuanian: | dãrva | n | tar | RPN |
| dervà | n.fem | resinous wood | GED/RPN | |
| drūtas | adj | strong | GED | |
| sūdrùs, sū́drus | adj | thick, luxuriant (of plants) | GED | |
| Latvian: | dãrva | n | tar | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | drěvo | n | tree | GED/RPN |
| sъ-drav | adj | healthy | GED | |
| Russian: | derevo | n | tree | GED |
| dromъ | n | thicket | GED | |
| zdorovyj | adj | healthy | GED | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | dru | n.fem | tree, wood, bark | GED/RPN |
| Gheg: | drû | n.masc | wood | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Macedonian Greek: | δάρυλλος | n | oak | GED |
| Homeric Greek: | δρῡμός | n.masc | wood, forest, oak coppice | GED |
| Greek: | δένδρε(Ϝ)ον | n.neut | tree | GED |
| δόρυ | n | tree, wood, beam, spear | GED/RPN | |
| dryas | n.fem | Dryad, Nymph | W7 | |
| δρύινος | adj | oaken | GED | |
| δρῦς | n.fem | tree, oak | GED | |
| pithēkos | n.masc | ape | W7 | |
| rhododendron | n.neut | lit. rose-tree | W7 | |
| philodendron | n.neut | lit. lover-of-tree(s) | W7 | |
| philodendros | adj | loving trees | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | taru- | n | wood | GED/RPN |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | targal | n | spoon | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| New Persian: | durust | adj | hale | GED |
| Avestan: | dāuru- | n | log, wood(en object) | GED/RPN |
| drvaēna- | n | wooden | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dā́ru- | n | log, timber, (piece of) wood | GED/RPN |
| dāruṇa | adj | hard | W7 | |
| deva | n | god | W7 | |
| devadāru | n | lit. timber of the gods | W7 | |
| drú-ḥ | n | wood, wood tool | RPN | |
| dru-padá- | n | post, stake | GED | |
| drumá- | n.masc | tree | GED | |
| dru-ṣád- | adj | perching on a branch? | GED | |
| su-drú- | adj | of good wood | GED | |
| Hindi: | deodār | n | deodar, lit. gods' timber | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian: | or | n | wood | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
