Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. deu-, or dou- : du- 'to worship, venerate; mighty'
Semantic Field(s): to Worship, Strong, Mighty, Powerful
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | geatwe | n.fem.pl | arms, equipment | ASD/W7 |
| here-geatwe | n.fem.pl | military equipment | W7 | |
| tawian | vb | to prepare for use | W7 | |
| tōl | n | tool | W7 | |
| tow- | pfx | spinning | W7 | |
| Middle English: | beatitude | n | beatitude | AHD |
| beaute, bewty | n | beauty | MEV/W7 | |
| beldam | n | grandmother, old woman | W7 | |
| benediccioun | n | benediction | W7 | |
| benefactor | n | benefactor | AHD | |
| benefice | n | benefice | W7 | |
| benefit | n | benefit | W7 | |
| bon | n | bone | W7 | |
| bonie | adj | bonny | W7 | |
| bounte | n | bounty, goodness, excellence | W7 | |
| debonere | adj | debonair | W7 | |
| embelisshen | vb | to embellish | W7 | |
| heriot | n | heriot | W7 | |
| tawen | vb | to taw, tan | W7 | |
| tool | n | tool | W7 | |
| tow | n | tow | W7 | |
| English: | aerodyne | n | heavier-than-air aircraft | AHD |
| beatify | vb.trans | to make supremely happy | AHD/W7 | |
| beatitude | n | state of utmost bliss | AHD/W7 | |
| beau | n | dandy | AHD/W7 | |
| beauty | n | loveliness, quality that gives pleasure | AHD/W7 | |
| beldam | n | old woman | AHD/W7 | |
| belle | n | popular attractive girl/woman | AHD/W7 | |
| bene- | pfx | good, helpful | TLL | |
| benediction | n | invocation of blessing | AHD/W7 | |
| benefaction | n | good deed, act of benefitting | AHD/W7 | |
| benefactor | n | one who makes gift/bequest | AHD | |
| benefic | adj | beneficent | AHD/W7 | |
| benefice | n | eccesiastical office with endowment revenue | AHD/W7 | |
| beneficence | n | state/quality of doing/producing good | AHD/W7 | |
| benefit | n | act of kindness | AHD/W7 | |
| benevolent | adj | re: benevolence, good intentions | AHD | |
| bonanza | n | large/rich ore vein carrying gold/silver | AHD/W7 | |
| bonbon | n | candy with chocolate coating, fondant center | AHD/W7 | |
| bonito | n | type of medium-sized tuna | AHD/W7 | |
| bonny | adj | fine, attractive, handsome | AHD/W7 | |
| bonus | n | something given, beyond what is usual/strictly due | AHD/W7 | |
| boon | adj | benign, bounteous | AHD/W7 | |
| bounty | n | generosity, liberality in giving | AHD/W7 | |
| debonair | adj | gentle, courteous | AHD/W7 | |
| dynamic | adj | re: physical force/energy | AHD/W7 | |
| dynamite | n | powerful explosive based on nitroglycerin | AHD/CDC | |
| dynast | n | ruler | AHD/W7 | |
| dynasty | n | succession of sovereigns from same line/family | AHD/CDC | |
| embellish | vb.trans | to decorate, make beautiful with ornamentation | AHD/W7 | |
| heriot | n | feudal duty/tribute due to lord upon death of tenant | AHD/W7 | |
| heterodyne | adj | re: (waves) being unmatched producing beats | TLL | |
| taw | vb.trans | to tan with alum/salt, convert skin into leather | AHD/W7 | |
| tool | n | implement, instrument (e.g. hammer) used/worked by hand | AHD/W7 | |
| tow | n | short broken fiber(s) of flax/hemp/jute | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle High German: | zwīden | vb | to grant | W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | tō | n | tuft of wool for spinning | W7 |
| tól | n.neut | tool | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | tól | n.pl | tools | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | taujan | vb.wk.I | to do, make | LRC |
| tiuhan | vb.str.II | to lead, guide | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | beatitudo | n | beatitude | W7 |
| beatus | adj | happy | W7 | |
| bellus | adj | pretty | W7 | |
| bene | adv | well | W7 | |
| benefacio, benefacere | vb | to do a service | AHD/CLD | |
| beneficentia | n.fem | beneficence, good deeds | W7 | |
| beneficium | n.neut | favor, benefit | W7 | |
| beneficus | adj | generous, liberal, beneficient | W7 | |
| beo, beare | vb | to bless, enrich, make happy | AHD/CLD | |
| bonitas, bonitatis | n.fem | goodness | W7 | |
| bonus | adj | good | W7 | |
| dynastes | n.masc | dynast, ruler, prince | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | *bellitās | n | beauty | AHD |
| Late Latin: | beatifico, beatificāre | vb | to beatify | W7 |
| benedico, benedicere, benedixi, benedictus | vb | to bless | W7 | |
| benedictio, benedictionis | n.fem | blessing, benediction | W7 | |
| benefactio, benefactionis | n.fem | benefaction | W7 | |
| benefactor | n | benefactor | AHD | |
| Medieval Latin: | beneficium | n.neut | benefice | W7 |
| bonacia | n.fem | calm at sea | W7 | |
| Spanish: | bonanza | n.fem | calm at sea | W7 |
| bonito | adj | pretty | W7 | |
| Old French: | beatitude | n | beatitude | AHD |
| beauté, biauté | n.fem | beauty | MEV/W7 | |
| bel, biau | adj | beautiful | W7 | |
| benedicion | n | benediction | AHD | |
| benefice | n | benefice | AHD | |
| benevolent | adj | benevolent | AHD | |
| bienfait | n | benefit, good deed | AHD | |
| bon | adj | good | W7 | |
| bonté | n.fem | bounty, goodness, excellence | W7 | |
| debonaire | adj | debonair, benevolent, re: goodwill | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | benfet | n.masc | benefit, benefaction | W7 |
| Middle French: | beatifier | vb | to beatify | W7 |
| bel | adj | beautiful | W7 | |
| benefice | n.masc | benefit; benefice | W7 | |
| bon | adj | good | W7 | |
| embelir, embeliss- | vb | to embellish | W7 | |
| French: | beatifier | vb | to beatify | AHD |
| beau | adj | fine, beautiful | W7 | |
| belle | adj.fem | fine, beautiful | W7 | |
| bon | adj | good | W7 | |
| bonbon | n.masc | candy | W7 | |
| dynamique | adj | dynamic, moving | W7 | |
| Italian: | benchè | conj | although | TLL |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀδύνατος | adj | impossible | LRC |
| δύναμαι | vb.dep | to be able | LRC | |
| dynamikos | adj | powerful | W7 | |
| δύναμις | n.fem | power | LRC | |
| dynastēs | n.masc | dynast | W7 | |
| δυνατός | n.neut | possible | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
