Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. deu-, deu̯ə-, du̯ā-, dū- 'to pass, move forward'
Semantic Field(s): to Overtake
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | tȳrian, tēorian | vb.wk | to tire, faint, fail, cease | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | durable | adj | durable | W7 |
| duren | vb | to last | W7 | |
| during | prep | during | W7 | |
| perdurable | adj | perdurable | W7 | |
| tyren | vb | to tire | W7 | |
| English: | deontology | n | theory/study of moral obligation | AHD/W7 |
| deuteragonist | n | actor taking 2nd part in classical Greek drama | AHD/W7 | |
| deuterium | n | hydrogen isotope with one neutron | AHD/W7 | |
| deutero- | pfx | second (2nd) | AHD | |
| Deuteronomy | prop.n | 2nd statement of Judaic law | AHD/CDC | |
| durable | adj | able to endure | AHD/W7 | |
| durance | n | imprisonment | AHD/W7 | |
| duration | n | continuance in time | AHD | |
| during | prep | throughout duration of | AHD/W7 | |
| perdurable | adj | very durable | AHD/W7 | |
| thermoduric | adj | able to survive temperature extremes | AHD/W7 | |
| tire | vb | to become weary | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | gedurende | prep | during | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | far-terian | vb | to destroy | ASD |
| Middle High German: | zouwen | vb | to hasten, proceed | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | durabilis | adj | lasting | W7 |
| dūrō, dūrāre | vb | to harden, endure | ELD | |
| indūrō, indūrāre, indūrāvī, indūrātus | vb | to harden, make hard | ELD | |
| obdūrō, obdūrāre, obdūrāvī, obdūrātus | vb | to be hard, hold out | ELD | |
| perdūrō, perdūrāre | vb | to last, endure | ELD | |
| Late Latin: | perdurabilis | adj | perdurable | W7 |
| New Latin: | deuterium | n.neut | hydrogen isotope | W7 |
| Portuguese: | durante | prep | during | TLL |
| Spanish: | durante | prep | during | TLL |
| Old French: | durer | vb | to last | W7 |
| perdurable | adj | durable | W7 | |
| Middle French: | durable | adj | lasting | W7 |
| durance | n.fem | period during which something lasts | W7 | |
| durer | vb | to last | W7 | |
| Italian: | durante | prep | during | TLL |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | davьnъ | adj | ancient, long-standing | RPN |
| davě | adj | ancient, long-standing | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | δεῖ | vb.3.sg | it is necessary | LRC |
| deon | n.neut | that which is obligatory | W7 | |
| deuteragōnistēs | n.masc | deuteragonist | W7 | |
| δεύτερος, δευτερ- | adj/pfx | second | LRC | |
| δήν | adv | long, far (of time/place) | RPN | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | tu-u-wa | adv | afar, to a distance | RPN |
| tu-u-wa-la | n.neut.pl | long distance | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | dūradaša | adv | from afar | RPN |
| dūraiy | adv | far away, far and wide | RPN | |
| duvaišta- | adj | very long, very far | RPN | |
| Avestan: | dūrāt̰ | adv | far | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dávati | vb | to go | RPN |
| daváyati | vb | to remove, make distant | RPN | |
| daviṣṭhá-ḥ | adj.sup | farthest | RPN | |
| dávīyas- | adj.comp | farther | RPN | |
| dūtá-ḥ | n | envoy, messenger | RPN | |
| dūrá-ḥ | adj | far, remote, distant | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| sup | = | superlative |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
