Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: deuk- 'to tug, pull, drag, tow'
Semantic Field(s): to Draw, Pull
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Breton: | duc | vb | to bear (away), carry (off) | GED |
| Cornish: | dog | vb | to bring, carry | GED |
| Middle Welsh: | dwc | vb | to bring, carry | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | here-toga, here-toha | n.str.masc | duke | ASD/GED |
| tǣman, tīeman | vb | to teem | W7 | |
| tēag | n | tie, rope | GED | |
| tēam | n.masc | team, offspring | ASD/W7 | |
| tēam | n.str.masc | rein, bridle | GED | |
| tēon, téah, tugon, togen | vb | to draw, pull, train | GED/W7 | |
| tīegan | vb | to tie | GED | |
| togian, togjan | vb | to tug, tow, pull | GED/W7 | |
| tyge | n | pulling | GED | |
| tygel | n | strap | GED | |
| tyht | n.masc | conduct, breeding, upbringing | GED | |
| Middle English: | conducen | vb | to conduct | W7 |
| conduit | n | conduit | W7 | |
| ducat | n | ducat | W7 | |
| duche | n | duchy | W7 | |
| duchesse | n | duchess | W7 | |
| duke | n | duke | W7 | |
| educaten | vb | to rear | W7 | |
| inducen | vb | to induce | W7 | |
| producen | vb | to produce | W7 | |
| reducen | vb | to lead back | W7 | |
| teg, tye | n | tie | W7 | |
| teme | n | theme | W7 | |
| temen | vb | to teem | W7 | |
| toggen | vb | to tug | GED | |
| tought | adj | taut | W7 | |
| towen | vb | to tow | W7 | |
| tuggen | vb | to tug | W7 | |
| wanton | n | wanton | W7 | |
| English: | abducens | n | cranial nerves conveying motor impulses | AHD |
| abducent | adj | abducting (e.g. muscle) | AHD/W7 | |
| abduct | vb.trans | to carry off (e.g. someone) by force | AHD/W7 | |
| adduce | vb.trans | to offer as proof/reason/example in discussion/analysis | AHD/W7 | |
| aqueduct | n | water conduit | AHD/W7 | |
| circumduction | n | leading about; movement of leg/arm in arc/circle | AHD/CDC | |
| condottiere | n | leader of European mercenary band | AHD/W7 | |
| conduce | vb.intrans | to contribute, lead/tend to desirable result | AHD/W7 | |
| conduct | n | guide, escort | AHD/W7 | |
| deduce | vb.trans | to trace course of | AHD/W7 | |
| deduct | vb.trans | to subtract, take away (amount from total) | AHD/W7 | |
| doge | n | chief magistrate in Venice/Genoa | AHD/W7 | |
| douche | n | water jet/current directed against/into body part/cavity | AHD/W7 | |
| ducal | adj | re: duke(dom) | AHD/W7 | |
| ducat | n | European gold coin | AHD/W7 | |
| duce | n | leader | AHD/W7 | |
| duchess | n | wife of duke/woman holding ducal title | AHD/W7 | |
| duchy | n | dukedom, territory of duke/duchess | AHD/W7 | |
| duct | n | body tube/vessel, esp. carrying gland secretion | AHD/W7 | |
| ductile | adj | capable of being reshaped | AHD/W7 | |
| duke | n | sovereign ruler of European duchy | AHD/W7 | |
| educate | vb.trans | to provide schooling for | AHD/W7 | |
| educe | vb.trans | to bring out (e.g. something latent) | AHD/W7 | |
| induce | vb.trans | to lead/move by persuasion/influence | AHD/W7 | |
| introduce | vb.trans | to lead/bring in, esp. for first time | AHD/W7 | |
| produce | vb | to exhibit, offer for view/notice | AHD/W7 | |
| redoubt | n | small enclosed temporary defensive work | AHD/W7 | |
| reduce | vb | to consolidate, draw together/cause to converge | AHD/W7 | |
| seduce | vb | to persuade to disobey | AHD/W7 | |
| seduction | n | seducing to wrong | AHD/W7 | |
| subduction | n | forcing one below another | AHD | |
| subdue | vb | to conquer, vanquish, subjugate | AHD | |
| taut | adj | tightly drawn, not slack | AHD/W7 | |
| team | n | race, lineage | AHD/W7 | |
| tee | vb | to place (golf ball) for hitting/clubbing | GED | |
| teem | vb | to produce/bring forth/give birth | AHD/W7 | |
| tie | n | line/ribbon/cord used to close/fasten/unite something | AHD/W7 | |
| tow | vb.trans | to haul, draw/pull behind | AHD/W7 | |
| traduce | vb.trans | to defame, disgrace, lower reputation of | AHD/W7 | |
| transducer | n | device, powered by system 1, supplying different power to system 2 | AHD/W7 | |
| tug | vb | to pull hard | AHD/W7 | |
| viaduct | n | bridge (on series of narrow arches) | AHD/W7 | |
| wanton | adj | unruly, undisciplined | AHD/W7 | |
| Zugunruhe | prop.n | migratory drive in animals | AHD | |
| zugzwang | n | game situation where undesirable/disadvantageous move is forced | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | tām | n.masc | team, family, progeny, descendants | ASD |
| tām | n.str.masc | rein, bridle | GED | |
| tiā | vb | to tow | GED | |
| Old Frankish: | tiā | vb | to tow | ASD |
| toga | vb | to tug, pull about, treat roughly | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | toom | n.str.masc | rein, bridle | GED |
| Dutch: | toom | n.masc | line | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | heri-toga, heri-togo | n.str.masc | duke | ASD/GED |
| tiohan | vb | to tow | GED | |
| Old Low German: | tōm | n.masc | rein, bridle, harness | ASD |
| Old High German: | gi-ziug | n.str.neut | stuff, things, provisions | GED |
| gi-ziugōn | vb | to state one's case | GED | |
| heri-zogo, heri-zoho | n.str.masc | duke | ASD/GED | |
| ziohan | vb | to tow | GED | |
| zocchōn, zucken, zucchen | vb.wk | to tug, snatch, drag off | ASD/GED | |
| zogōn | vb.wk | to tug | GED | |
| zoum | n.str.masc | rein, bridle; rope, strap | GED | |
| zug | n.str | march, draught | GED | |
| zug(i) | n.masc | movement | ASD | |
| zugil | n.masc | rein, strap, thong | GED | |
| zuht | n.str.fem | conduct, breeding, upbringing | GED | |
| Middle High German: | (ge-)ziuc | n.wk.masc | witness | GED |
| ziehen | vb | to tow | GED | |
| ziuc | n.str.neut | stuff, things, provisions | GED | |
| ziugen | vb.wk | to get, produce, provide | GED | |
| German: | Herzog | n.str.masc | duke | GED |
| Zaum | n.masc | bridle | LRC | |
| Zeug | n.str.neut | stuff, things, provisions | GED | |
| Zeuge | n.wk.masc | witness | GED | |
| zeugen | vb.wk | to get, produce, provide | GED | |
| ziehen | vb | to tow | LRC | |
| Zucht | n.fem | breeding | LRC | |
| zucken | vb | to jerk, twitch | LRC | |
| Zügel | n.masc | rein | LRC | |
| Zugunruhe | n.fem | Zugunruhe | AHD | |
| Zugzwang | n.masc | zugzwang | AHD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | taug | n | rope | W7 |
| toga, togað | vb | to tug | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | taug | n.fem | rope, tie | GED |
| taumr | n.str.masc | rein, bridle | GED | |
| teygja | vb.wk | to tug | GED | |
| tjōa | vb | to help | GED | |
| tog | n | rope, line, cord | GED | |
| toga | vb | to tug | GED | |
| tygill | n | strap | GED | |
| Icelandic: | her-togi | n | duke, general | ASD |
| taumr | n.masc | rein, cord, bridle | ASD | |
| toga | vb | to tug | ASD | |
| tygill | n.masc | strap, thong | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ga-tiuhan | vb.str.II | to lead, bring | LRC |
| tiuhan | vb.str.II | to tow; lead, bring | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | doucō | vb | to lead | GED |
| Latin: | abduco, abducere, abduxi, abductus | vb | to abduct, lead away, carry off | W7 |
| adduco, adducere | vb | to adduce, lead to | W7 | |
| aquaeductus | n.masc | aqueduct | W7 | |
| conduco, conducere, conduxi, conductus | vb | to lead, drive, conduct | W7 | |
| deduco, deducere, deduxi, deductus | vb | to deduce, subtract, lead away | W7 | |
| dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductum | vb | to lead, consider | GED | |
| ductilis, ductile | adj | ductile | W7 | |
| ductio, ductionis | n.fem | act of leading | W7 | |
| ductus | n.masc | duct; act of leading | W7 | |
| dux, ducis | n.masc | duke, leader | GED | |
| ēdūcō, ēdūcāre, ēdūcāvī, ēdūcātus | vb | to educate, bring up, lit. draw out | GED/W7 | |
| indūcō, indūcere | vb | to induce, lead in | W7 | |
| intrōdūcō, intrōdūcere | vb | to introduce | W7 | |
| prōdūcō, prōdūcere | vb | to produce, lead forward | W7 | |
| redūcō, redūcere, redūxī, reductus | vb | to reduce, restore, lead back | W7 | |
| sēdūcō, sēdūcere, sēdūxī, sēductus | vb | to seduce, lead away | W7 | |
| seductio | n.fem | seduction, lit. leading aside | W7 | |
| subdūcō, subdūcere | vb | to withdraw | W7 | |
| trādūcō, trādūcere | vb | to bring through, lead/carry across | W7 | |
| trānsdūcō, trānsdūcere | vb | to transduce, bring through, lead/carry across | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | ducalis | adj | ducal, re: leader | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | reductus | n.masc | secret place | W7 |
| Old French: | aqueduct | n | aqueduct | CDC |
| conduit | n.masc | escort; act of leading | W7 | |
| duc | n.masc | duke | W7 | |
| Middle French: | duc | n.masc | duke | W7 |
| ducal | adj | ducal | W7 | |
| ducat | n.masc | coin | W7 | |
| duché | n.masc | duchy | W7 | |
| duchesse | n.fem | duchess | W7 | |
| ductile | adj | ductile | W7 | |
| séduction | n.fem | seduction | W7 | |
| French: | aqueduc | n.masc | aqueduct | CDC |
| douche | n.fem | shower | W7 | |
| redoute | n.fem | redoubt | W7 | |
| Old Italian: | duca | n.masc | doge | W7 |
| ducato | n.masc | coin bearing doge's portrait | W7 | |
| Italian: | condottiere | n.masc | captain, soldier | CID/W7 |
| doccia | n.fem | spout, water-pipe | CID/W7 | |
| docciare | vb | to shower | W7 | |
| doccione | n.masc | conduit, large water-pipe | CID/W7 | |
| Duce | prop.n.masc | leader [title of Benito Mussolini] | W7 | |
| ridotto | n.masc | resort, retreat | W7 | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | nduk | vb | to pluck (hairs) | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Hesychius' Greek Lexicon: | δαιδύσσω | vb | to rub, drag | GED |
| Greek: | Δευκαλίων | prop.n.masc | Deucalion | LRC |
| στρατηγός | n | commander, strategist | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
