Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dō- : də-, also dō-u- : dəu- : du- 'to give, donate'
Semantic Field(s): to Give
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | antidot | n | antidote | W7 |
| betrayen | vb | to betray | W7 | |
| date | n | date | W7 | |
| datif | adj | dative | W7 | |
| dee | n | die | W7 | |
| donatyowne | n | donation | W7 | |
| dowarie | n | dowry | W7 | |
| dowere | n | dower | W7 | |
| endowen | vb | to endow | W7 | |
| pardonen | vb | to pardon | W7 | |
| rendren | vb | to render | W7 | |
| rente | n | rent | W7 | |
| surrenderen | vb | to surrender | W7 | |
| tradicious | n | tradition | W7 | |
| traitre | n | traitor | W7 | |
| trayen | vb | to betray | W7 | |
| tresoun | n | treason | W7 | |
| English: | anecdote | n | short story of amusing/interesting/biographical incident | AHD/W7 |
| antidote | n | remedy to effects of poison | AHD/W7 | |
| apodosis | n | main clause of conditional sentence | AHD/W7 | |
| betray | vb | to lead astray | AHD/W7 | |
| condone | vb.trans | to pardon/overlook voluntarily | AHD/W7 | |
| dacha | n | Russian country house | AHD/W7 | |
| dado | n | part of column pedestal between base/surbase | AHD/W7 | |
| date | n | day/time when event occurs | AHD/W7 | |
| dative | adj | (grammatical case) re: verb's indirect object/preposition's object | AHD/W7 | |
| datum | n | something given/admitted as basis for reasoning/inference | AHD/W7 | |
| die | n | one among set of dice | AHD/W7 | |
| donate | vb | to give, contribute, make a gift | W7 | |
| donation | n | gift/action of giving to charity/institution | AHD/W7 | |
| donative | adj | re: donation | AHD/W7 | |
| donor | n | one who gives/donates/presents | AHD/W7 | |
| dose | n | amount of therapeutic agent taken at one time | AHD/W7 | |
| dot | n | dowry | AHD/W7 | |
| dowager | n | widow holding title/property received from late husband | AHD/W7 | |
| dower | n | part of/interest in deceased husband's estate given to widow | AHD/W7 | |
| dowry | n | dower | AHD/W7 | |
| edition | n | form in which text (e.g. book) is published | AHD/W7 | |
| endow | vb.trans | to furnish with dower | AHD/W7 | |
| epidote | n | yellowish green mineral, silicate of iron/calcium/aluminum | AHD/W7 | |
| Pandora | prop.n | woman who, given box by Zeus with instructions not to open it, opened it and released all human ills (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| pardon | vb.trans | to free from penalty | AHD/W7 | |
| quitrent | n | rent paid in lieu of required services | AHD | |
| render | vb | to try, melt down | AHD/W7 | |
| rent | n | property (e.g. house) rented/for rent; periodic sum paid to landlord by tenant | AHD/W7 | |
| surrender | vb | to yield to another's power | AHD/W7 | |
| tradition | n | handing down of custom or belief to future generations | AHD/W7 | |
| traitor | n | one who betrays trust, is false to duty/obligation | AHD/W7 | |
| treason | n | treachery, perfidy, betrayal of trust | AHD/W7 | |
| vend | vb | to sell, exchange via sale | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Dativ | n.masc | dative | LRC |
| Datum | n.neut | date | LRC | |
| Dosis | n.fem | dose | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | antidotum | n.neut | antidote | W7 |
| condono, condonare | vb | to forgive | W7 | |
| dativus | n.masc | dative (case) | W7 | |
| deditus, dedita, deditum | adj | devoted, addicted | LRC | |
| dō, dare, dedī, datus | vb | to give, furnish, deliver | RPN | |
| -do, -dere, -didi, -ditus | vb.sfx | to give | W7 | |
| dōnātio, dōnātiōnis | n.fem | gift, donation | W7 | |
| dōnātīvus | n.masc | gift to soldiers | W7 | |
| dōnātor | n.masc | donor | W7 | |
| dōnō, dōnāre, dōnāvī, dōnātus | vb | to give, donate | W7 | |
| dōnum | n.neut | gift | W7 | |
| dōs, dōtis | n.fem | dowry | W7 | |
| dōtō, dōtāre | vb | to endow, give a dowry | W7 | |
| editio, editionis | n.fem | edition, publication | W7 | |
| ēdō, ēdere, edidi, editus | vb | to bring forth, produce, publish | W7 | |
| Pandora | n.fem | Pandora | W7 | |
| reddō, reddere | vb | to give back | W7 | |
| traditio, traditionis | n.fem | action of handing over, tradition | W7 | |
| traditor | n.masc | traitor | W7 | |
| trādō, trādere, trādidī, trāditus | vb | to betray, deliver, transmit | W7 | |
| vēndō, vēndere | vb | to sell, give for sale | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | rendita | n.fem | income from property | W7 |
| rendo, rendere, rendidi, renditus | vb | to yield, give back | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | apodosis | n | apodosis | AHD |
| perdonō, perdonāre | vb | to grant freely | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | dotarium | n.neut | dowry | W7 |
| Old French: | rente | n.fem | income from a property | W7 |
| traïr | vb | to betray | W7 | |
| traison | n.fem | treason | W7 | |
| traitre | n.masc | traitor | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | dowarie | n.fem | dowry | W7 |
| endouer | vb | to endow | W7 | |
| Middle French: | date | n.fem | date | W7 |
| dé | n.masc | die | W7 | |
| doneur | n.masc | donor | W7 | |
| douage | n.fem | dower | W7 | |
| douagiere | adj | dowager | W7 | |
| douaire | n.masc | dowry of a (former) queen | W7 | |
| douer | vb | to endow | W7 | |
| edition | n.fem | edition | W7 | |
| pardoner | vb | to forgive | W7 | |
| rendre | vb | to yield, give back | W7 | |
| surrendre | vb | to surrender | W7 | |
| tradition | n.fem | tradition | W7 | |
| French: | anecdote | n.fem | anecdote | W7 |
| donner | vb | to give | TLL | |
| dose | n.fem | dose, ration | W7 | |
| dot | n.fem | dowry | W7 | |
| Italian: | dado | n.masc | die, cube | CID/W7 |
| dare | vb | to give | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | dovanà | n | gift, present | RPN |
| dúoti, dúoda, dãvė | vb | to give | LRC | |
| Latvian: | padoties, padodos, padevos | vb | to succumb, surrender | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | dati, damь, dasi | vb | to give | LRC |
| dajati, dajǫ, daješi | vb | to give | LRC | |
| Russian: | dat' | vb | to give | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Cyprian: | δοϜεναι | vb | to give | RPN |
| Homeric Greek: | διδόω, δίδωμι | vb | to give, grant, donate | LRC |
| Greek: | anekdota | n.neut.pl | unpublished items | W7 |
| anekdotos | adj | unpublished | W7 | |
| antididonai | vb | to give in exchange | W7 | |
| antidotos | vb.ptc | given in exchange | W7 | |
| apodidonai | vb | to deliver, give back | W7 | |
| apodosis | n.fem | rendering, giving back | W7 | |
| dosis | n.fem | act of giving | W7 | |
| ekdidonai | vb | to publish | W7 | |
| epididonai | vb | to give in addition | W7 | |
| Pandōra | prop.n.fem | Pandora, lit. Gift of All | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | da-hhi | vb | to take | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | tam | vb | to give; let, permit | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | dadaiti | vb | to give | TLL |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dá-dā-ti | vb | to give, grant | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
