Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. dhē- 'to do, put, place, set'
Semantic Field(s): to Put, Place, Set, Lay
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Gaulish: | dede | vb.3.pret | has placed | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dǣd | n.fem | deed, action | LRC |
| dēman | vb.irr | to deem, judge | ASD/W7 | |
| -dōm | sfx | state, power, condition | W7 | |
| dōm | n.str.masc | doom, fate, judgment; glory; decision | LRC | |
| dōn | vb.anom | to do, make | LRC | |
| fordōn | vb | to fordo | W7 | |
| wēa-dǣd | n.fem | crime, lit. evil deed | GED | |
| wel-dǣd | n.fem | good deed | GED | |
| Middle English: | adden | vb | to add | W7 |
| affaire, affair | n | affair | W7 | |
| affection | n | affection | W7 | |
| amplifien | vb | to amplify | W7 | |
| apothecarie | n | apothecary | W7 | |
| benefactor | n | benefactor | AHD | |
| benefice | n | benefice | W7 | |
| benefit | n | benefit | W7 | |
| chaufen | vb | to chafe, warm | W7 | |
| condiment | n | condiment | W7 | |
| confit | n | comfit | W7 | |
| countrefet | adj | counterfeit | W7 | |
| dede | n | deed | W7 | |
| defacen | vb | to deface | W7 | |
| defaicte | n | defect | W7 | |
| defesance | n | defeasance | W7 | |
| deffeten | vb | to defeat | W7 | |
| demen | vb | to deem | W7 | |
| difficulte | n | difficulty | W7 | |
| discomfiten | vb | to discomfit | W7 | |
| dōm, doom, dum | n | doom, fate, judgment; decision | W7 | |
| -dom | sfx | state, power, condition | W7 | |
| dōn | vb.anom | to do | GED | |
| edifice | n | edifice | W7 | |
| edifien | vb | to edify | W7 | |
| effect | n | execution/completion (of an act) | W7 | |
| efficient | adj | efficient | W7 | |
| -faccioun | sfx | -faction | W7 | |
| face | n | face | W7 | |
| facioun | n | fashion | W7 | |
| factor | n | factor | W7 | |
| faculte | n | faculty | W7 | |
| faisible | adj | feasible | W7 | |
| fait, fayt, fete | adj | neat, becoming; smart, dexterous | W7 | |
| familie | n | family | W7 | |
| fasoun | n | shape, manner | W7 | |
| feture | n | feature | W7 | |
| -fien | sfx | -fy | W7 | |
| fordon | vb.anom | to fordo | W7 | |
| forfait | n | forfeit | W7 | |
| infecten | vb | to infect | W7 | |
| justifien | vb | to justify | W7 | |
| malefactor | n | malefactor | W7 | |
| modifien | vb | to modify | W7 | |
| mollifien | vb | to mollify | W7 | |
| mortifien | vb | to mortify | W7 | |
| notifien | vb | to notify | W7 | |
| office | n | office | W7 | |
| parfit | adj | perfect | W7 | |
| perdicion | n | perdition | W7 | |
| prefect | n | prefect | W7 | |
| profit | n | profit | W7 | |
| putrefien | vb | to putrefy | W7 | |
| rarefien, rarifien | vb | to rarefy | W7 | |
| rectifien | vb | to rectify | W7 | |
| sacrifice | n | sacrifice | W7 | |
| sanctifien | vb | to sanctify | W7 | |
| satisfien | vb | to satisfy | W7 | |
| sconce | n | sconce | W7 | |
| sufficen | vb | to suffice | W7 | |
| sufficient | adj | sufficient | W7 | |
| surfait | n | surfeit | W7 | |
| teme, theme | n | theme | W7 | |
| tik(k)e | n | ticking | W7 | |
| English: | abdomen | n | part of body between thorax and pelvis | AHD/W7 |
| abscond | vb.intrans | to depart secretly, hide oneself | AHD/W7 | |
| add | vb | to join/unite to increase in size/number/amount | AHD/W7 | |
| affair | n | commercial/professional/public business | AHD/W7 | |
| affect | vb | to aim at | AHD/W7 | |
| affection | n | moderate feeling/emotion | AHD/W7 | |
| aficionado | n | fan, enthusiastic admirer/follower | AHD | |
| amphithecium | n | outer cell layer of spore-containing moss capsule | AHD | |
| amplify | vb | to expand via illustration/clarifying detail/closer analysis | AHD/W7 | |
| anathema | n | solemn ban/curse pronounced by ecclesiastical authority | AHD/W7 | |
| antithesis | n | rhetorical contrast of ideas | AHD/W7 | |
| apothecary | n | one who prepares/sells medicines | AHD/W7 | |
| apothecium | n | spore-bearing structure in lichens/fungi | AHD/W7 | |
| artifact | n | object showing human workmanship/modification | AHD/W7 | |
| artifice | n | trick, artful stratagem | AHD/W7 | |
| beatific | adj | re: state of bliss | AHD/W7 | |
| benefaction | n | good deed, act of benefitting | AHD/W7 | |
| benefactor | n | one who makes gift/bequest | AHD | |
| benefic | adj | beneficent | AHD/W7 | |
| benefice | n | eccesiastical office with endowment revenue | AHD/W7 | |
| beneficence | n | state/quality of doing/producing good | AHD/W7 | |
| benefit | n | act of kindness | AHD/W7 | |
| bibliotheca | n | library, collection of books | AHD/W7 | |
| bodega | n | small wineshop/grocery store | AHD | |
| boutique | n | small retail shop | AHD | |
| chafe | vb | to warm | AHD/W7 | |
| comfit | n | fruit/root/seed confection coated/preserved with sugar | AHD/W7 | |
| condiment | n | something to enhance food flavor | AHD/W7 | |
| confect | vb.trans | to compound, concoct | AHD/W7 | |
| confetti | n | little candies | AHD/W7 | |
| counterfeit | adj | imitation, made/forged to deceive | AHD/W7 | |
| deed | n | something done | AHD/W7 | |
| deem | vb | to hold, come to think/judge | AHD/W7 | |
| deface | vb.trans | to mar/destroy face of | AHD/W7 | |
| defeasance | n | rendering null/void | AHD/W7 | |
| defeat | vb.trans | to destroy | AHD/W7 | |
| defect | n | shortcoming, imperfection | AHD/W7 | |
| defect | vb.intrans | to desert cause/group | AHD/W7 | |
| deficient | adj | lacking necessary quality/element | AHD/W7 | |
| diathesis | n | predisposition toward disease/abnormality | AHD/W7 | |
| difficulty | n | something arduous, hard to do/make/carry out | AHD/W7 | |
| discomfit | vb.trans | to defeat in battle | AHD/W7 | |
| do, did, done | vb.anom | to carry out, bring to pass | AHD/W7 | |
| -dom | n.sfx | office, dignity | AHD/W7 | |
| doom | n | fate, judgment | AHD/W7 | |
| Duma | prop.n | Russian legislative council/assembly | AHD | |
| dumka | n | Polish melancholic lament/threnody | AHD/CDC | |
| edifice | n | building | AHD/W7 | |
| edify | vb.trans | to build | AHD/W7 | |
| efface | vb.trans | to obliterate, wipe out | AHD/W7 | |
| effect | n | intent, result, outcome | AHD/W7 | |
| efficacious | adj | having power to produce desired effect | AHD/W7 | |
| efficient | adj | immediately effecting | AHD/W7 | |
| epenthesis | n | insertion/development of sound/letter in a word | AHD/W7 | |
| epithet | n | characterizing word/phrase accompanying/in place of name | AHD/W7 | |
| facade | n | front of building (with special architecture) | AHD/W7 | |
| face | n | front part of (human) head | AHD/W7 | |
| facet | n | small planar surface (e.g. on cut gem) | AHD/W7 | |
| facial | adj | re: face | AHD/W7 | |
| -facient | adj.sfx | making, causing | AHD/W7 | |
| facies | n | facial appearance/expression characteristic of some condition | AHD/W7 | |
| facile | adj | easily attained/accomplished | AHD/W7 | |
| facilitate | vb | to make easier | AHD/W7 | |
| facsimile | n | exact copy | AHD/W7 | |
| fact | n | thing done | AHD/W7 | |
| -faction | n.sfx | -fication, making | AHD/W7 | |
| faction | n | clique, selfish/contentious group | AHD/W7 | |
| factitious | adj | produced artificially | AHD/W7 | |
| factitive | adj | re: transitive verb requiring object + objective complement | AHD/W7 | |
| factor | n | one who acts/transacts business for another | AHD/W7 | |
| factory | n | place where resident factors trade | AHD/W7 | |
| faculty | n | power, ability | AHD/W7 | |
| faena | n | final passes performed by matador | AHD | |
| family | n | household; servants of house/establishment | OED | |
| fashion | n | make/form of something | AHD/W7 | |
| feasible | adj | capable of being done/carried out | AHD/W7 | |
| feat | adj | neat, becoming | AHD/W7 | |
| feature | n | form/structure/appearance | AHD/W7 | |
| feckless | adj | weak, ineffectual | AHD/W7 | |
| fetish | n | object believed to have magical power | AHD/W7 | |
| -fic | adj.sfx | making, causing | AHD/W7 | |
| for(e)do | vb.trans | to destroy, do away with | AHD/W7 | |
| forfeit | n | penalty, something lost | AHD/W7 | |
| -fy | vb.sfx | to make, form into | AHD/W7 | |
| hacienda | n | large house on estate/plantation | AHD | |
| hypothecate | vb.trans | to pledge without conveying title/possession | AHD/W7 | |
| hypothesis | n | tentative assumption made to test logical/empirical consequences | AHD/W7 | |
| incondite | adj | crude, badly assembled | AHD/W7 | |
| indeed | adv | certainly, in fact, without doubt | AHD | |
| infect | vb.trans | to contaminate with disease-producing germs/substance/bacteria | AHD/W7 | |
| justify | vb | to vindicate, prove/show to be just/right/reasonable | AHD/W7 | |
| malefactor | n | one who commits legal offense | AHD/W7 | |
| malfeasance | n | wrongful conduct | AHD | |
| manufacture | n | something made by hand | AHD/W7 | |
| metathesis | n | change of place/condition | AHD/W7 | |
| misfeasance | n | trepass | AHD/W7 | |
| modify | vb | to moderate, make less extreme | AHD/W7 | |
| mollify | vb | to appease, soothe in temper/disposition | AHD/W7 | |
| mortify | vb | to destroy strength/function/vitality | AHD/W7 | |
| multifarious | adj | having great diversity/variety | AHD/W7 | |
| notify | vb.trans | to point out | AHD/W7 | |
| nullify | vb.trans | to make null | AHD/W7 | |
| office | n | special charge/duty/position conferred by government authority | AHD/W7 | |
| omnifarious | adj | of all forms/kinds/varieties | AHD/W7 | |
| orifice | n | hole, mouth/similar opening | AHD/W7 | |
| ossify | vb | to change into bone | AHD/W7 | |
| parenthesis | n | amplifying/explanatory word/phrase/sentence | AHD/W7 | |
| perdition | n | utter destruction | AHD/W7 | |
| perfect | adj | expert, proficient | AHD/W7 | |
| perithecium | n | spherical/cylindrical/flask-shaped hollow fungal fruiting body | AHD/W7 | |
| petrify | vb | to convert to stone/stony substance | AHD/W7 | |
| pluperfect | adj | past perfect | AHD/W7 | |
| pontifex | n | member of high council of priests, lit. bridge maker | AHD/W7 | |
| pontiff | n | pontifex; bishop, pope | W7 | |
| prefect | n | high official/magistrate | AHD/W7 | |
| proficient | adj | adept, well advanced in art/knowledge/occupation | AHD/W7 | |
| profit | n | gain, valuable return | AHD/W7 | |
| prosthesis | n | artificial device replacing missing body part | AHD/W7 | |
| prothesis | n | addition of sound to beginning of word | AHD/W7 | |
| purdah | n | secluding (women) from public view | AHD/W7 | |
| putrefy | vb | to make rotten | AHD/W7 | |
| qualify | vb | to modify, reduce from general to particular/restricted form | AHD/W7 | |
| ramify | vb | to cause to branch | AHD/W7 | |
| rarefy | vb | to make thin/porous/less dense | AHD/W7 | |
| recondite | adj | concealed, hidden from sight | AHD/W7 | |
| rectify | vb.trans | to remedy, set right | AHD/W7 | |
| refect | vb.trans | to refresh with food/drink | AHD/W7 | |
| refectory | n | (monastery) dining hall | AHD/W7 | |
| rubefacient | adj | causing redness (e.g. of skin) | AHD/W7 | |
| sacrifice | n | act of offering to deity something precious | AHD/W7 | |
| salmagundi | n | unmixed salad; potpourri | AHD/W7 | |
| sanctify | vb.trans | to consecrate, set apart for religious use/sacred purpose | AHD/W7 | |
| sandhi | n | sound modification conditioned by context, lit. placing together | AHD/W7 | |
| saponify | vb | to turn into soap | AHD/W7 | |
| satisfy | vb | to discharge, carry out terms of (contract) | AHD/W7 | |
| scarify | vb.trans | to make scratches/small cuts in (skin) | AHD/W7 | |
| sconce | n | candlestick bracket | AHD/W7 | |
| spinifex | n | Australian grass | AHD/W7 | |
| suffice | vb | to meet/satisfy need, be sufficient | AHD/W7 | |
| sufficient | adj | enough to meet needs of situation/proposed end | AHD/W7 | |
| surface | n | upper/exterior boundary of object | AHD/W7 | |
| surfeit | n | excess, overabundant supply | AHD/W7 | |
| synthesis | n | combination/composition of parts/elements to form whole | AHD/W7 | |
| theca | n | spore case, sac, capsule | AHD/W7 | |
| thematic | adj | re: word stem | AHD/W7 | |
| theme | n | subject/topic of discourse/artistic representation | AHD/W7 | |
| thesis | n | position/proposition maintained/advanced by scholastic candidate | AHD/W7 | |
| thetic | adj | constituting/beginning with poetic thesis | AHD/W7 | |
| tick | n | ticking, pillow- or mattress-case | AHD/W7 | |
| tubifex | n | slender reddish oligochaete worms | AHD/W7 | |
| vivify | vb.trans | to quicken, animate, endue with life | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dēd(e) | n.fem | deed | GED |
| dēma | vb | to deem, judge | ASD | |
| dōm | n.masc | doom, sentence | ASD | |
| dua(n) | vb.wk | to do | GED | |
| Frisian: | dæd, diede | n | deed | ASD |
| dien, dwaen | vb | to do, make | ASD | |
| Dutch: | bibliotheek | n | library | TLL |
| daad | n.fem | deed | ASD | |
| doeming | n.fem | condemnation | ASD | |
| doen | vb | to do, make | ASD | |
| familie | n | family | TLL | |
| verdoen | vb | to kill, for(e)do | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | dād | n.fem | deed | GED |
| dōm | n.masc | doom, sentence | ASD | |
| dōman, duomian | vb | to deem, judge | ASD | |
| dōn, duon, dōan, duan, duōn | vb.anom | to do | ASD/GED | |
| fardōn | vb | to for(e)do | ASD | |
| Old High German: | taska | n | bag, pouch | KDW |
| tāt | n.str.fem | deed | GED | |
| tōn, tuo(a)n | vb.anom | to do, make | ASD/GED | |
| tuom | n/sfx | state, condition; -dom | W7 | |
| tuomen, tuomian | vb | to deem, judge | ASD/W7 | |
| wola-tāt | n.str.fem | merit, kindness, good deed | GED | |
| Middle High German: | tat | n.fem | deed | ASD |
| tücmen | vb | to deem, judge | ASD | |
| tuom | n.masc/neut | doom, sentence | ASD | |
| tuon | vb | to do, make | ASD | |
| wē-tāt | n.str.fem | pain | GED | |
| German: | addieren | vb | to add | TLL |
| Apotheke | n.fem | pharmacy | LRC | |
| Apotheker | n.masc | pharmacist, apothecary | LRC | |
| Bibliothek | n.fem | library | TLL | |
| Familie | n | family | TLL | |
| Tasche | n | pouch, pocket | TLL | |
| T(h)at | n.fem | deed | ASD | |
| Theke | n.fem | bar, sales counter | LRC | |
| Thema | n.neut | theme | LRC | |
| thu(e)n, tun | vb | to do, make | ASD | |
| verthun | vb | to waste, for(e)do | ASD | |
| Wohltat | n.fem | good deed | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | dāð | n.fem | deed | GED |
| Icelandic: | dāð | n.fem | deed | ASD |
| dōmr | n.masc | doom | ASD | |
| dæma | vb | to deem, judge | ASD | |
| Danish: | addere | vb | to add | TLL |
| bibliotek | n | library | TLL | |
| daad | n.masc/fem | deed | ASD | |
| dom | n.masc/fem | doom | ASD | |
| dömme | vb | to deem, judge | ASD | |
| familie | n | family | TLL | |
| Swedish: | addera | vb | to add | TLL |
| bibliotek | n | library | TLL | |
| dom | n.masc | doom | ASD | |
| döma | vb | to deem, judge | ASD | |
| då | n.fem | deed | ASD | |
| familj | n | family | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | deds | n.fem | deed | ASD |
| doms | n.masc | doom | ASD | |
| domyan | vb | to deem, judge | ASD | |
| *ga-deþs | n.fem | deed | GED | |
| wai-dēdja | n.fem | malefactor | ASD | |
| waila-dēds | n.fem | kindness | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | abditus, abdita, abditum | adj | hidden place | LRC |
| abdomen | n.neut | abdomen | W7 | |
| abscondo, abscondere | vb | to hide away | W7 | |
| addo, addere | vb | to add, give | W7 | |
| aedificium | n.neut | edifice | W7 | |
| aedifico, aedificāre | vb | to build | W7 | |
| affectio, affectionis | n.fem | affection, fondness | W7 | |
| affecto, affectāre | vb | to pursue, grasp | W7 | |
| afficio, afficere, affeci, affectus | vb | to influence | W7 | |
| amplifico, amplificāre | vb | to amplify | W7 | |
| apotheca | n.fem | storehouse | W7 | |
| artifactum | n | artifact | CDC | |
| artifex, artificis | n.masc | craftsman | W7 | |
| artificium | n.neut | craftsman's work | W7 | |
| beatificus | adj | making happy | W7 | |
| benefacio, benefacere | vb | to do a service | AHD/CLD | |
| beneficentia | n.fem | beneficence, good deeds | W7 | |
| beneficium | n.neut | favor, benefit | W7 | |
| beneficus | adj | generous, liberal, beneficient | W7 | |
| bibliotheca | n.fem | library, bookcase | W7 | |
| calefacio, calefacere | vb | to warm | W7 | |
| caleo, calēre | vb | to be warm | W7 | |
| condimentum | n.neut | spice, seasoning, condiment | W7 | |
| condio, condire | vb | to pickle, preserve | W7 | |
| conditus | vb.ptc | put away in orderly fashion | W7 | |
| condō, condere, condidī, conditum | vb | to found, establish | LRC | |
| conficio, conficere, confeci, confectus | vb | to achieve, finish | W7 | |
| defectus, defectūs | n.masc | lack, want | W7 | |
| deficio, deficere, defeci, defectus | vb | to fail, desert, be lacking | W7 | |
| difficilis | adj | difficult, uneasy | W7 | |
| difficultas | n.fem | difficulty | W7 | |
| -do, -dere, -didi, -ditus | vb.sfx | to put | W7 | |
| effectus, effectūs | n.masc | execution, accomplishment | W7 | |
| efficiens, efficientis | vb.pres.ptc | efficient | W7 | |
| efficio, efficere, effeci, effectus | vb | to bring about | W7 | |
| epitheton | n.neut | epithet (Greek word) | W7 | |
| facienda | n.neut.pl | things to be done | AHD | |
| facies | n.fem | aspect, form, face | W7 | |
| facilis | adj | easy | W7 | |
| facinus, facinoris | n.neut | crime | LRC | |
| faciō, facere, fēcī, factum | vb | to do, make | LRC | |
| facticius | adj | factitious | W7 | |
| factio, factionis | n.fem | faction, act of making | LRC | |
| factor | n.masc | doer | W7 | |
| factum | n.neut | an act | W7 | |
| factura | n.fem | act of making | W7 | |
| facultas | n.fem | ability, abundance | W7 | |
| familia | n.fem | family (incl. slaves) | CLD/W7 | |
| famulus | adj/n.masc | servile, serving; slave, servant | CLD | |
| -farius | sfx | that does | W7 | |
| -ficare | sfx | make, form into | W7 | |
| -ficus | sfx | [past passive participle verb ending] | W7 | |
| inconditus | adj | incondite, confused, disorderly | W7 | |
| inficio, inficere, infeci, infectus | vb | to work in, poison | W7 | |
| malefacio, malefacere | vb | to do evil | W7 | |
| malefactor | n.masc | evil-doer | W7 | |
| malefactum | vb.ptc | evil done | W7 | |
| modifico, modificare | vb | to measure, moderate | W7 | |
| officium | n.neut | duty, service, office | W7 | |
| perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditus | vb | to lose, destroy | W7 | |
| perficio, perficere, perfeci, perfectus | vb | to perfect, carry out | W7 | |
| pontifex, pontificis | n.masc | pontiff, priest in Roman religion | W7 | |
| praefectus | n.masc | prefect | W7 | |
| praeficio, praeficere, praefeci, praefectus | vb | to place ahead of | W7 | |
| profectus, profectūs | n.masc | profit, advance | W7 | |
| proficio, proficere, profeci, profectus | vb | to raise, advance, accomplish | W7 | |
| putrefacio, putrefacere | vb | to make to rot | W7 | |
| rarefacio, rarefacere | vb | to rarefy | W7 | |
| recondo, recondere, recondidi, reconditus | vb | to conceal | W7 | |
| refectus | vb.ptc | repaired | W7 | |
| rubefacio, rubefacere | vb | to make red | W7 | |
| sacrificium | n.neut | sacrifice, offering | W7 | |
| satisfacio, satisfacere | vb | to satisfy | W7 | |
| satisfactio, satisfactionis | n.fem | reparation, amends | W7 | |
| scarifo, scarifāre | vb | to make a scar | W7 | |
| sufficio, sufficere | vb | to put under | W7 | |
| thēca | n.fem | cover, receptacle | W7 | |
| thema | n.fem | theme, subject, topic | W7 | |
| thesis | n.fem | thesis, proposition | W7 | |
| vivificus | adj | enlivening | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | calfo, calfare | vb | to warm | W7 |
| facia | n.fem | face | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | aedifico, aedificāre | vb | to instruct, improve spiritually | W7 |
| anathema | n | anathema | AHD | |
| antithesis | n.fem | contrary, antithesis | W7 | |
| apothecarius | n.masc | shopkeeper | W7 | |
| benefactio, benefactionis | n.fem | benefaction | W7 | |
| benefactor | n | benefactor | AHD | |
| epenthesis | n.fem | insertion of letter in word | W7 | |
| hypotheca | n.fem | pledge | W7 | |
| justifico, justificāre | vb | to justify | W7 | |
| mollifico, mollificāre | vb | to make soft | W7 | |
| mortifico, mortificāre | vb | to mortify | W7 | |
| notifico, notificāre | vb | to notify | W7 | |
| nullifico, nullificāre | vb | to nullify | W7 | |
| omnifarius | adj | of all kinds | W7 | |
| orificium | n.neut | orifice | W7 | |
| parenthesis | n.fem | parenthesis | W7 | |
| perditio, perditionis | n.fem | destruction, loss | W7 | |
| plusquamperfectus | n.masc | more than perfect, the pluperfect tense | W7 | |
| prosthesis | n.fem | prosthesis | W7 | |
| prothesis | n.fem | prothesis | W7 | |
| refectorium | n.neut | refectory, place to eat | W7 | |
| sanctifico, sanctificāre | vb | to sanctify, make holy | W7 | |
| scarifico, scarificāre | vb | to make a scar | W7 | |
| thesis | n.fem | proposal, act of laying down | W7 | |
| vivifico, vivificāre | vb | to vivify | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | apothēcārius | n | apothecary | AHD |
| beneficium | n.neut | benefice | W7 | |
| disfaciō, disfacere | vb | to undo | W7 | |
| facultas, facultatis | n.fem | branch of learning or teaching | W7 | |
| hypothecō, hypothecāre | vb | to pledge | W7 | |
| qualifico, qualificare | vb | to qualify | W7 | |
| ramifico, ramificare | vb | to ramify | W7 | |
| rectifico, rectificare | vb | to rectify | W7 | |
| New Latin: | apothecium | n.neut | a spore-breeding structure | W7 |
| diathesis | n.fem | diathesis | W7 | |
| facies | n.masc | face, expression | W7 | |
| factitivus | adj | factitive | W7 | |
| ossifico, ossificare | vb | to ossify | W7 | |
| perithecium | n.neut | fruit of various fungi | W7 | |
| prosthesis | n.fem | addition of a sound to the beginning of a word | W7 | |
| spinifex | n.masc | genus of Australian grasses | W7 | |
| theca | n.fem | sac, capsule, spore sac | W7 | |
| tubifex | n.masc | genus of worms | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | família | n | family | LRC |
| fazer | vb | to make | TLL | |
| feitiço | adj | false, artificial | W7 | |
| Spanish: | afición | n | liking, affection | AHD |
| aficionar | vb | to induce liking for | AHD | |
| bodega | n | bodega | AHD | |
| faena | n | faena, manual labor | AHD | |
| familia | n | family | LRC | |
| hacer | vb | to make | TLL | |
| hacienda | n | hacienda, large estate/plantation | AHD | |
| hecho | n | fact | TLL | |
| Catalan: | feyna | n | manual labor | AHD |
| Old French: | afaire | n | affair | AHD |
| affection | n | affection | AHD | |
| amplifier | vb | to amplify | AHD | |
| apotecaire | n | apothecary | AHD | |
| artifice | n | artifice, craftsmanship | AHD | |
| benefice | n | benefice | AHD | |
| bienfait | n | benefit, good deed | AHD | |
| botique | n | boutique, small shop | AHD | |
| confire | vb | to prepare | W7 | |
| deffaire | vb | to undo, nullify | W7 | |
| deffesant | vb.pres.ptc | undoing, nullifying | W7 | |
| desconfire, desconfit | vb | to disappoint | W7 | |
| desfacier | vb | to deface | W7 | |
| escondre | vb | to hide | W7 | |
| escons | vb.ptc | hidden | W7 | |
| esconse | n.fem | screened lantern | W7 | |
| face | n.fem | face | W7 | |
| façon | n.fem | way, manner | W7 | |
| faire | vb | to do | AHD | |
| -fier | sfx | -fy, to modify, change into something else | W7 | |
| office | n.masc | service, duty, mass | W7 | |
| parfit | adj | carried out, perfect | W7 | |
| sacrifice | n.masc | sacrifice | W7 | |
| teme | n.masc | theme | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | benfet | n.masc | benefit, benefaction | W7 |
| defesance | n.fem | rendering null/void | W7 | |
| Middle French: | abdomen | n.masc | abdomen | W7 |
| affaire | n.fem | affair | W7 | |
| affecter | vb | to affect | W7 | |
| affection | n.fem | affection | W7 | |
| amplifier | vb | to amplify | W7 | |
| artifice | n.masc | artifice | W7 | |
| benefice | n.masc | benefit; benefice | W7 | |
| chaufer | vb | to heat | W7 | |
| condiment | n.masc | condiment | W7 | |
| confire | vb | to prepare | W7 | |
| confit | n.masc | comfit, preparation | W7 | |
| contrefaire | vb | to imitate | W7 | |
| contrefait | adj | counterfeit | W7 | |
| defect | n.masc | fault, defect | W7 | |
| deffaire, deffait | vb | to destroy, vanquish | W7 | |
| desfacier | vb | to deface, disfigure | W7 | |
| edifice | n.masc | edifice, building | W7 | |
| edifier | vb | to build | W7 | |
| effacer | vb | to erase | W7 | |
| effect | n.masc | effect | W7 | |
| efficient | adj | efficient | W7 | |
| esconse | n.fem | screened lantern | W7 | |
| face | n.fem | face, surface | W7 | |
| facile | adj | easy | W7 | |
| facteur | n.masc | doer, maker | W7 | |
| -faction | sfx | -factive | W7 | |
| faction | n.fem | faction, group | W7 | |
| faculté | n.fem | faculty, ability | W7 | |
| faire, fais-, fait | vb | to do, make | W7 | |
| faisible | adj | feasible | W7 | |
| feture | n.fem | act of making | W7 | |
| -fique | sfx | -fic | W7 | |
| forfaire, forfait | vb | to forfeit, commit a crime | W7 | |
| -ifier | vb.sfx | -ify | W7 | |
| justifier | vb | to justify | W7 | |
| manufacture | n.fem | handmaking | W7 | |
| mesfaire | vb | to do wrong | W7 | |
| mesfaisance | n.fem | misfeasance, the act of doing wrong | W7 | |
| modifier | vb | to modify | W7 | |
| mollifier | vb | to mollify, soften | W7 | |
| mortifier | vb | to mortify | W7 | |
| notifier | vb | to make known | W7 | |
| orifice | n.masc | orifice | W7 | |
| pétrifier | vb | to petrify | W7 | |
| prefect | n.masc | prefect | W7 | |
| profit | n.masc | profit | W7 | |
| putréfier | vb | to putrefy | W7 | |
| qualifier | vb | to qualify | W7 | |
| ramifier | vb | to ramify | W7 | |
| raréfier | vb | to rarefy | W7 | |
| rectifier | vb | to rectify | W7 | |
| sanctifier | vb | to sanctify | W7 | |
| satisfier | vb | to satisfy | W7 | |
| scarifier | vb | to make a scar | W7 | |
| suffire, suffis- | vb | to suffice | W7 | |
| surfaire, surfait | vb | to overdo | W7 | |
| vivifier | vb | to vivify | W7 | |
| French: | artifice | n | skill, cunning, artifice | CDC |
| boutique | n | boutique | AHD | |
| fabrique | n | factory | TLL | |
| façade | n.fem | facade | W7 | |
| face | n.fem | face, side | W7 | |
| facette | n.fem.dim | facet, little face/side | W7 | |
| façon | n | style, fashion | TLL | |
| faction | n | faction | TLL | |
| faire | vb | to do | W7 | |
| fait | n | fact | TLL | |
| famille | n | family | LRC | |
| fétiche | n.masc | fetish | W7 | |
| forge | n | forge, smithy | TLL | |
| salmigondis | n.masc | confused story, incoherent mix | W7 | |
| saponifier | vb | to turn into soap | W7 | |
| surface | n.fem | surface | W7 | |
| Old Provençal: | botica | n | boutique, small shop/storehouse | AHD |
| Italian: | confètto, confètti | n.masc | sweetmeat | CID/W7 |
| faccia | n.fem | face | W7 | |
| facciata | n.fem | facade | W7 | |
| famiglia | n | family | LRC | |
| fare | vb | to make | TLL | |
| fatto | n | fact | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Lithuanian: | demì | vb | to lay | GED |
| Lithuanian: | dėl | prep | for, because | LRC |
| dėti | vb | to lay, put, place | GED/RPN | |
| Latvian: | dēju | vb | to lay | GED |
| dèt | vb | to lay (eggs) | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Czech: | ději, děju | vb | to do, make | GED |
| Old Church Slavonic: | blagodětь | n.fem | gift, grace, joy | LRC |
| dělo | n.neut | work, doing, deed | LRC | |
| děti | vb | to put, place, lay | RPN | |
| dějati, dějǫ, děješi | vb | to do, commit | LRC | |
| oděvati, oděvajǫ, oděvaješi | vb | to clothe | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Hesychius' Greek Lexicon: | θητόν | n | altar | GED |
| Greek: | anathema | n.neut | thing devoted to evil, curse | W7 |
| anatithenai | vb | to dedicate, set up | W7 | |
| antithesis | n.fem | opposition, antithesis | W7 | |
| antitithenai | vb | to oppose | W7 | |
| apothēkē | n.fem | storehouse | W7 | |
| apotithenai | vb | to put away | W7 | |
| bibliothēkē | n.fem | library, bookcase | W7 | |
| diathesis | n.fem | arrangement | W7 | |
| diatithenai | vb | to arrange | W7 | |
| ἔθη-κα | vb.aor | I set, placed | GED | |
| entithenai | vb | to put in | W7 | |
| epenthesis | n.fem | figure of speech, epenthesis | W7 | |
| epentithenai | vb | to insert a letter/thing | W7 | |
| epitheton | n.neut | epithet | W7 | |
| epitithenai, epithetos | vb | to put on, add | W7 | |
| thema, thematos | n.neut | theme, something laid down | W7 | |
| thematikos | adj | thematic | W7 | |
| thesis | n.fem | downbeat, more important part of foot, act of laying down | W7 | |
| thetikos | adj | of a proposition | W7 | |
| θήκη | n.fem | case, container | GED | |
| thēkion | n.neut | little case | W7 | |
| metathesis | n.fem | metathesis, transposition | W7 | |
| metatithenai | vb | to transpose | W7 | |
| parenthesis | n.fem | act of inserting | W7 | |
| parentithenai | vb | to insert | W7 | |
| prosthesis | n.fem | addition | W7 | |
| prostithenai | vb | to add to | W7 | |
| skariphasthai | vb | to scratch an outline, sketch | W7 | |
| synthesis | n.fem | synthesis | W7 | |
| syntithenai | vb | to put together | W7 | |
| τίθημι | vb | to put, place | LRC | |
| hypothesis | n.fem | hypothesis | W7 | |
| hypothēkē | n.fem | pledge | W7 | |
| hypotithenai | vb | to put under, suppose, deposit as a pledge | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | da-a-i | vb.3.sg | to set, put, place | GED/RPN |
| ti-ya-u-en | vb.1.pl.pret | to put, place | RPN | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | dnem | vb | to set, put, place | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | adadā | vb.impf | set, placed | GED |
| dāta- | vb.ptc | set, placed | GED | |
| Avestan: | adadā | vb | to arrange | LRC |
| daðāiti | vb | to set, lay, place | GED | |
| dāta- | vb.ptc | set, placed | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | adhām | vb.aor | I set | GED |
| dádhāti | vb | to set, lay, put, place | GED/RPN | |
| dhākás | n | container | GED | |
| dhāyate | n | place for self | GED | |
| saṁdhi | n | sound modification conditioned by context, lit. placing together | W7 | |
| Hindi: | parda | n | screen, veil; seclusion of women from public observation | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | tes-, tās-, täs-, tätt- | vb | to set, lay, put, place | GED/RPN |
| Tocharian A: | tā(s)-, täs-, tas- | vb | to set, lay, put, place | GED/RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| anom | = | anomalous/indeclinable |
| aor | = | aorist (tense) |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| impf | = | imperfect (aspect) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| irr | = | irregular |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
