Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. dhel-, dholo- 'curve; dell, hollow'
Semantic Field(s): Hollow, Concave, Dale, Valley
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | dail | n | dale | ASD |
| Gaelic: | dail | n | dale | ASD |
| Manx: | dayll | n.fem | dale | ASD |
| Cornish: | dol | n.fem | dale | ASD |
| Welsh: | dól | n | dale | ASD |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dæl | n.neut | dale | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | dale | n | dale | W7 |
| delle | n | dell | W7 | |
| English: | dale | n | vale, valley | AHD/W7 |
| dalles | n.pl | river rapids between steep gorge/valley precipices | AHD | |
| dell | n | small dale, secluded hollow | AHD/W7 | |
| Ettendales | prop.n.pl | troll-fells in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Harrowdale | prop.n | Rohan valley in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Rivendell | prop.n | elven refuge in Tolkien: The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| thalweg | n | line tracing lowest points in valley/river bed | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | de(i)l | n | dale | ASD |
| Frisian: | dalle, dol | n | dale | ASD |
| Dutch: | dal | n.neut | dale | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | dal | n.neut | dale | ASD |
| Old High German: | tal | n.neut | dell, valley | ASD/W7 |
| Middle High German: | tal | n.neut | dale | ASD |
| telle | n | ravine | W7 | |
| German: | Thal | n.neut | dale | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | dalr | n.masc | dale, dell, valley | LRC |
| Icelandic: | dalr | n.masc | dale | ASD |
| Danish: | dal | n.masc/fem | dale | ASD |
| Swedish: | dal | n.masc | dale | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | dal | n.neut | dale | ASD |
| dalaþ | adv | down | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | dolu | adv | down(wards), below | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | tholos | n.masc/fem | rotunda | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
