Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dheig̑h- 'to build, knead clay'
Semantic Field(s): to Build, to Knead
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | digen | adj | firm, solid | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dǣge | n | kneader of bread | W7 |
| dāg, dāh | n | dough | W7 | |
| -dīge | n.sfx | lady, lit. -kneader | W7 | |
| hlǣf-dī(g)e | n.str.fem | lady of house, lit. loaf-kneader | ASD/GED | |
| Middle English: | deye | n | dairymaid | W7 |
| deyerie | n | dairy | W7 | |
| disfiguren | vb | to disfigure | W7 | |
| dogh | n | dough | W7 | |
| effigie | n | effigy | W7 | |
| faint, feint | adj | faint | W7 | |
| feignen | vb | to feign | W7 | |
| ficcioun | n | fiction | W7 | |
| figment | n | figment | W7 | |
| figure | n | figure | W7 | |
| lady | n | lady | W7 | |
| paradis | n | paradise | W7 | |
| prefiguren | vb | to prefigure | W7 | |
| transfiguren | vb | to transfigure | W7 | |
| English: | configure | vb | to make/arrange in certain form/shape/figure | AHD/CDC |
| dairy | n | place where milk/butter/cheese is kept/made | AHD/W7 | |
| disfigure | vb.trans | to spoil appearance of | AHD/W7 | |
| dough | n | mixture of flour/other ingredients ready to knead/roll | AHD/W7 | |
| effigy | n | image/representation, esp. of person | AHD/W7 | |
| faineant | n | irresponsible idler | AHD/W7 | |
| faint | adj | cowardly, lacking courage/spirit | AHD/W7 | |
| feign | vb | to sham, represent by false appearance | AHD/W7 | |
| feint | n | trick, something feigned | AHD/W7 | |
| fictile | adj | molded/moldable in earth/clay/other material | AHD/W7 | |
| fiction | n | something feigned/invented by imagination | AHD/W7 | |
| figment | n | something made up/contrived/fabricated | AHD/W7 | |
| figure | n | numeral, number symbol | AHD/W7 | |
| figurine | n | small carved/molded figure | AHD/W7 | |
| lady | n | mistress, female head of household | AHD/W7 | |
| paradise | n | garden of Eden | AHD/W7 | |
| prefigure | vb.trans | to show/suggest/announce by antecedent type/image/likeness | AHD/W7 | |
| teiglach | n | dough-ball confection | AHD | |
| thigmotaxis | n | stereotaxis | AHD/W7 | |
| thixotropy | n | (gel) becoming fluid when stirred/shaken but returning to semisolid state when standing | AHD | |
| transfigure | vb.trans | to metamorphose, change form/appearance of | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | deeg | n.neut | dough | ASD |
| degel | n.str.masc | brick | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | degel | n.str.masc | brick | GED |
| deger, diger | adv | completely | GED | |
| Old High German: | teic | adj | decayed | LRC |
| teig | n.masc | dough | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle High German: | teic | n | dough | ASD |
| tiger(e) | adv | completely | GED | |
| German: | Teig | n.masc | dough | ASD |
| Yiddish: | teyg | n | dough | AHD |
| teyglekh | n | teiglach | AHD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | deig | n | dough | RPN |
| digr | adj | big, stout; thick, deep | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | digr | adj | big, stout | GED |
| digull | n.str.masc | brick | GED | |
| Icelandic: | deig | n.neut | dough | ASD |
| Norwegian: | digen | adj | fat | GED |
| digna | vb.wk | to grow/become fat | GED | |
| Danish: | deig | n.masc/fem | dough | ASD |
| Swedish: | deg | n.masc | dough | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | daigs | n.masc | dough | ASD/RPN |
| deigan | vb | to make dough | ASD | |
| *digan | vb.str.I | to knead, form (from) clay | GED/RPN | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | feíhúss | n.pl | walls | GED/RPN |
| Old Latin: | figura | n | figure | GED |
| fīlum | n | thread | GED | |
| Latin: | effigies | n.fem | representation, portrait | W7 |
| effingo, effingere | vb | to form | W7 | |
| fictilis | adj | molded of clay | W7 | |
| fictio, fictionis | n.fem | act of fashioning, fiction | W7 | |
| figmentum | n.neut | molded figure, creation | W7 | |
| figulus | n | potter, worker in clay | GED/RPN | |
| figūra | n.fem | form, shape, size, figure | RPN | |
| figūro, figūrare | vb | to shape, fashion | W7 | |
| fingō, fingere, finxī, fīctus | vb | to form, shape, fashion | GED | |
| transfiguro, transfigurare | vb | to change figure | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | paradisus | n.masc | paradise, heaven | W7 |
| praefiguro, praefigurāre | vb | to prefigure | W7 | |
| New Latin: | thigmotaxis | n.fem | type of taxis | W7 |
| Old French: | faindre, feindre, feign- | vb | to shape; to feign, shirk | W7 |
| feint | vb.ptc | feigned | W7 | |
| feinte | n.fem | act of feigning | W7 | |
| figure | n.fem | shape, allure | W7 | |
| paradis | n.masc | heaven | W7 | |
| Middle French: | desfigurer | vb | to disfigure | W7 |
| faignant | adj | lazy | W7 | |
| fait-nient | n.masc | does nothing, by folk etymology | W7 | |
| feindre, faindre | vb | to make believe, be lazy | W7 | |
| fiction | n.fem | invention | W7 | |
| figure | n.fem | face, apparence | W7 | |
| French: | faineant | adj | lazy, sluggish | W7 |
| feinte | n.fem | act of feigning | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | díežti | vb | to whip, beat | GED |
| dýžti | vb | to whip, beat soundly, knead thoroughly | GED/RPN | |
| Latvian: | diezêt | vb | to offer, talk into buying | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | ziždǫ, zьdati | vb | to build | RPN |
| zьdъ | n | wall | RPN | |
| Old Russian: | dĕža | n | dough mold, baker's trough | LRC |
| Russian: | dežá | n | baker's trough | GED |
| Ukrainian: | d'ižá | n | baker's trough | GED/RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | θιγγάνω | vb | to touch | GED |
| thigma | n.neut | touch | W7 | |
| παράδεισος | n.masc | (enclosed) park, paradise | LRC | |
| τεῖχος, τοῖχος | n.neut | wall | GED | |
| Late Greek: | παράδεισος | n.masc | paradise, heaven | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | dēz | n | heap | LRC |
| dizanem | vb | to heap, collect, pile up | GED/RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | didā | n | castle, fortification | GED |
| Persian: | diz | n | fortification | GED |
| Avestan: | daēza- | n | wall (esp. of mud/clay bricks) | RPN |
| daēzayeiti | vb.caus | to heap, wall about | GED | |
| pairi-daēza- | n | paradise, lit. enclosure | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | deham, dehas | n | body | GED |
| dehayati | vb | to build (a wall) | LRC | |
| dehī́ | n | wall, bank, mound, rampart | RPN | |
| déhmi | vb | to smear, anoint, plaster | GED/RPN | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ts(a)ik- | vb | to form | GED |
| Tocharian A: | tsek- | vb | to form | GED |
| tseke | n | sculpture, molded figure | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| caus | = | causative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
