Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dheig̑h- 'to build, knead clay'
Semantic Field(s): to Build, to Knead
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | digen | adj | firm, solid | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | dǣge | n | kneader of bread | W7 |
dāg, dāh | n | dough | W7 | |
-dīge | n.sfx | lady, lit. -kneader | W7 | |
hlǣf-dī(g)e | n.str.fem | lady of house, lit. loaf-kneader | ASD/GED | |
Middle English: | deye | n | dairymaid | W7 |
deyerie | n | dairy | W7 | |
disfiguren | vb | to disfigure | W7 | |
dogh | n | dough | W7 | |
effigie | n | effigy | W7 | |
faint, feint | adj | faint | W7 | |
feignen | vb | to feign | W7 | |
ficcioun | n | fiction | W7 | |
figment | n | figment | W7 | |
figure | n | figure | W7 | |
lady | n | lady | W7 | |
paradis | n | paradise | W7 | |
prefiguren | vb | to prefigure | W7 | |
transfiguren | vb | to transfigure | W7 | |
English: | configure | vb | to make/arrange in certain form/shape/figure | AHD/CDC |
dairy | n | place where milk/butter/cheese is kept/made | AHD/W7 | |
disfigure | vb.trans | to spoil appearance of | AHD/W7 | |
dough | n | mixture of flour/other ingredients ready to knead/roll | AHD/W7 | |
effigy | n | image/representation, esp. of person | AHD/W7 | |
faineant | n | irresponsible idler | AHD/W7 | |
faint | adj | cowardly, lacking courage/spirit | AHD/W7 | |
feign | vb | to sham, represent by false appearance | AHD/W7 | |
feint | n | trick, something feigned | AHD/W7 | |
fictile | adj | molded/moldable in earth/clay/other material | AHD/W7 | |
fiction | n | something feigned/invented by imagination | AHD/W7 | |
figment | n | something made up/contrived/fabricated | AHD/W7 | |
figure | n | numeral, number symbol | AHD/W7 | |
figurine | n | small carved/molded figure | AHD/W7 | |
lady | n | mistress, female head of household | AHD/W7 | |
paradise | n | garden of Eden | AHD/W7 | |
prefigure | vb.trans | to show/suggest/announce by antecedent type/image/likeness | AHD/W7 | |
teiglach | n | dough-ball confection | AHD | |
thigmotaxis | n | stereotaxis | AHD/W7 | |
thixotropy | n | (gel) becoming fluid when stirred/shaken but returning to semisolid state when standing | AHD | |
transfigure | vb.trans | to metamorphose, change form/appearance of | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | deeg | n.neut | dough | ASD |
degel | n.str.masc | brick | GED | |
Middle Low German: | degel | n.str.masc | brick | GED |
deger, diger | adv | completely | GED | |
Old High German: | teic | adj | decayed | LRC |
teig | n.masc | dough | ASD/RPN | |
Middle High German: | teic | n | dough | ASD |
tiger(e) | adv | completely | GED | |
German: | Teig | n.masc | dough | ASD |
Yiddish: | teyg | n | dough | AHD |
teyglekh | n | teiglach | AHD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | deig | n | dough | RPN |
digr | adj | big, stout; thick, deep | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | digr | adj | big, stout | GED |
digull | n.str.masc | brick | GED | |
Icelandic: | deig | n.neut | dough | ASD |
Norwegian: | digen | adj | fat | GED |
digna | vb.wk | to grow/become fat | GED | |
Danish: | deig | n.masc/fem | dough | ASD |
Swedish: | deg | n.masc | dough | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | daigs | n.masc | dough | ASD/RPN |
deigan | vb | to make dough | ASD | |
*digan | vb.str.I | to knead, form (from) clay | GED/RPN | |
Italic | ||||
Oscan: | feíhúss | n.pl | walls | GED/RPN |
Old Latin: | figura | n | figure | GED |
fīlum | n | thread | GED | |
Latin: | effigies | n.fem | representation, portrait | W7 |
effingo, effingere | vb | to form | W7 | |
fictilis | adj | molded of clay | W7 | |
fictio, fictionis | n.fem | act of fashioning, fiction | W7 | |
figmentum | n.neut | molded figure, creation | W7 | |
figulus | n | potter, worker in clay | GED/RPN | |
figūra | n.fem | form, shape, size, figure | RPN | |
figūro, figūrare | vb | to shape, fashion | W7 | |
fingō, fingere, finxī, fīctus | vb | to form, shape, fashion | GED | |
transfiguro, transfigurare | vb | to change figure | W7 | |
Late Latin: | paradisus | n.masc | paradise, heaven | W7 |
praefiguro, praefigurāre | vb | to prefigure | W7 | |
New Latin: | thigmotaxis | n.fem | type of taxis | W7 |
Old French: | faindre, feindre, feign- | vb | to shape; to feign, shirk | W7 |
feint | vb.ptc | feigned | W7 | |
feinte | n.fem | act of feigning | W7 | |
figure | n.fem | shape, allure | W7 | |
paradis | n.masc | heaven | W7 | |
Middle French: | desfigurer | vb | to disfigure | W7 |
faignant | adj | lazy | W7 | |
fait-nient | n.masc | does nothing, by folk etymology | W7 | |
feindre, faindre | vb | to make believe, be lazy | W7 | |
fiction | n.fem | invention | W7 | |
figure | n.fem | face, apparence | W7 | |
French: | faineant | adj | lazy, sluggish | W7 |
feinte | n.fem | act of feigning | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | díežti | vb | to whip, beat | GED |
dýžti | vb | to whip, beat soundly, knead thoroughly | GED/RPN | |
Latvian: | diezêt | vb | to offer, talk into buying | GED |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | ziždǫ, zьdati | vb | to build | RPN |
zьdъ | n | wall | RPN | |
Old Russian: | dĕža | n | dough mold, baker's trough | LRC |
Russian: | dežá | n | baker's trough | GED |
Ukrainian: | d'ižá | n | baker's trough | GED/RPN |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | θιγγάνω | vb | to touch | GED |
thigma | n.neut | touch | W7 | |
παράδεισος | n.masc | (enclosed) park, paradise | LRC | |
τεῖχος, τοῖχος | n.neut | wall | GED | |
Late Greek: | παράδεισος | n.masc | paradise, heaven | LRC |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | dēz | n | heap | LRC |
dizanem | vb | to heap, collect, pile up | GED/RPN | |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | didā | n | castle, fortification | GED |
Persian: | diz | n | fortification | GED |
Avestan: | daēza- | n | wall (esp. of mud/clay bricks) | RPN |
daēzayeiti | vb.caus | to heap, wall about | GED | |
pairi-daēza- | n | paradise, lit. enclosure | GED | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | deham, dehas | n | body | GED |
dehayati | vb | to build (a wall) | LRC | |
dehī́ | n | wall, bank, mound, rampart | RPN | |
déhmi | vb | to smear, anoint, plaster | GED/RPN | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | ts(a)ik- | vb | to form | GED |
Tocharian A: | tsek- | vb | to form | GED |
tseke | n | sculpture, molded figure | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
caus | = | causative |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |