Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhem-, dhemə- 'to blow, fly about like dust'
Semantic Field(s): to Blow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | dem | adj | dim, black | RPN |
| Welsh: | dew | n | fog, gloom, dusk | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dim(m) | adj | dim | RPN |
| Middle English: | dim, dym | adj | dim | CDC |
| English: | damp | n | fog, moisture, humidity | IEW |
| dank | adj | damp, moist, humid | IEW | |
| dim | adj | dark, unlit, poorly lit | LRC | |
| Dimholt | prop.n | black grove in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Dimrill | prop.n | high pass in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Evendim | prop.n | northern lake in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dim | adj | dim | CDC |
| diunk | adj | dark | RPN | |
| Old Saxon: | *dim, þim | adj | dim | CDC |
| dunkar | adj | dark | RPN | |
| Old High German: | dampf | n | steam, mist, smoke | RPN |
| dunkal, tunkal | adj | dark | RPN | |
| timbar, timber, timmer | adj | dim | ASD/CDC | |
| tunchal, tunchar | adj | dark | RPN | |
| Middle High German: | timber, timmer | adj | dim | ASD |
| German: | Dampf | n.masc | damp, mist, steam | LRC |
| dunkel | adj | dim | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | dimma | vb | to darken, make dim | RPN |
| dimmr | adj | dim | RPN | |
| døkkva | vb | to darken, make dim | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | dimmr | adj | dim | ASD |
| Danish: | damp | n | damp, steam | TLL |
| Swedish: | dimma | n | fog, mist, haze | CDC |
| dimmig | adj | dim, foggy | CDC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | dangà | n | cover, roof; garment | RPN |
| dangùs | n | sky | RPN | |
| dengiù, deñgti | vb | to cover | RPN | |
| dingsiù, dingsė́ti | vb | to be hidden | RPN | |
| dumiù, dùmti | vb | to blow; to smoke | RPN | |
| Latvian: | danga | n | mire, morass | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | dъmǫ, dǫti | vb | to blow | RPN |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | da-ak-ku-ú-i-iš | n | dark | RPN |
| Hittite: | da-an-ku-e-eš-zi | vb.3.sg | to darken, turn black | RPN |
| da-an-ku-i-iš | adj | black, dark | RPN | |
| da-an-ku-ni-eš-kir | vb.3.pl.pret | made dark, black | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Parachi: | dhamā́n | n | wind | RPN |
| Ashkunu: | domṍ | n | wind | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dhámati | vb | to blow | RPN |
| Prakrit: | dhamaṇī̆ | n | bellows | RPN |
| Hindi: | dhaũknā | vb | to blow, pant, breathe on | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
