Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. dher-, dherə- 'dirt, dreg, some type of deposit'
Semantic Field(s): Dirty, Soiled, Dust, Powder
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Middle Irish: | derg | adj | red | RPN |
Gaelic: | dorch | adj | dark, black | ASD |
English | ||||
Old English: | dærste | n | dregs, lees | RPN |
deorc | adj | dark | W7 | |
dreflian | vb | to drivel | W7 | |
drōs | n | dregs | W7 | |
drōsne | n | dregs, dirt | RPN | |
Middle English: | derk | adj | dark | W7 |
drabelen | vb | to drabble | W7 | |
dreg | n | dreg | W7 | |
drivelen | vb | to drivel | W7 | |
dros | n | dross | W7 | |
trachea | n | trachea | W7 | |
English: | ataractic | n | tranquilizer drug | AHD/W7 |
dark | adj | (partially) devoid of light | AHD/W7 | |
drab | n | dull gray/brown cloth | AHD/W7 | |
drabble | vb | to make/become wet/muddy | AHD/W7 | |
dreg | n | lees, sediment contained in/precipitated from liquid | AHD/W7 | |
drivel | vb | to slaver, dribble saliva from mouth | AHD/W7 | |
dross | n | scum formed on surface of molten metal | AHD/W7 | |
trachea | n | main trunk of lung passageway | AHD/W7 | |
trachoma | n | chronic contagious conjunctivitis | AHD/W7 | |
trachyte | n | light-colored volcanic rock | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old High German: | tarchannen | vb | to hide/conceal in dark | RPN |
trousana, trōsana, truosana | n | lees, dregs | ASD/RPN | |
Middle High German: | truosen | n.fem | barm, yeast | ASD |
verterken, vertirken | vb | to darken | RPN | |
German: | Dreck | n.masc | dirt | LRC |
Drusen | n.fem | dregs, sediment | ASD | |
tarni, tarhnjan | adj | dark | ASD | |
verdrecken | vb | to get dirty | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | draf | n | malt dregs | W7 |
dregg | n | dregs, lees | W7 | |
Icelandic: | dökkr | adj | dark | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | fracēs | n | dregs of oil | RPN |
Late Latin: | drappus | n.masc | cloth | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | trachea | n.fem | throat | W7 |
New Latin: | trachoma | n.fem | a chronic contagious conjunctivitis | W7 |
Middle French: | drap | n.masc | cloth | W7 |
French: | trachyte | n.masc | trachyte, a type of volcanic rock | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | dargà | n | dirt, filth | RPN |
dargùs | n | dirty, filthy | RPN | |
dérgti | vb | to become dirty | RPN | |
der̃kti | vb | to make dirty | RPN | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | artēria | n.fem | artery | W7 |
ataraktos | adj | calm | W7 | |
ataraxia | n.fem | calmness | W7 | |
tarassein | vb | to bother, disturb, trouble | W7 | |
ταράσσω | vb | to trouble | LRC | |
tracheia | adj.fem | rough | W7 | |
τρηχύς | adj | rough | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |