Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. dher-, dherə- 'to hold, support'
Semantic Field(s): to Hold
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | drong | n | troop | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | darian | vb | to lurk, lie hidden, be concealed | IEW |
| d(i)ernan, dyrnan | vb.wk | to dern | ASD/OED | |
| drēogan, drēag, drugon, drogen | vb.str.II | to endure, suffer; perform, carry out | LRC | |
| drihten, dryhten | n.str.masc | lord, prince, ruler | GED | |
| drȳge | adj | dry | LRC | |
| dryht, driht | n.str.fem | troop | ASD/GED | |
| dyrne, d(i)erne | adj/n.neut | secret, hidden, obscure | ASD | |
| ge-drēag | n.str.neut | troop | GED | |
| indrihten, indryhten | adj | (very) noble | ASD | |
| Middle English: | affermen | vb | to affirm | W7 |
| confirmen | vb | to confirm | W7 | |
| ferm | n | firm | W7 | |
| ferme | n | rent, lease | W7 | |
| infirm | adj | infirm | W7 | |
| t(h)rone | n | throne | W7 | |
| English: | affirm | vb | to confirm, validate | AHD/W7 |
| confirm | vb.trans | to strengthen, make firm(er) | AHD/W7 | |
| Darius | prop.n | old Persian Achaemenid king name | AHD | |
| dern, darn | vb | to hide, conceal, keep secret | OED | |
| Derndingle | prop.n | entmoot locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Dernhelm | prop.n | Eowyn's nom de guerre in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| dharma | n | law/custom regarded as duty | AHD/W7 | |
| dharna | n | fast(ing) at debtor's door | AHD/CDC | |
| Drogo | prop.n | Frodo's father in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| farm | n | fixed sum payable at fixed intervals | AHD/W7 | |
| fermata | n | prolongation of musical note/chord/rest at discretion of performer | AHD/W7 | |
| firm | adj | securely/solidly fixed in place | AHD/W7 | |
| firm | n | name/style/title by which company conducts business | AHD/W7 | |
| firmament | n | heavens, arch/vault of sky | AHD/W7 | |
| infirm | adj | re: poor/deteriorated vitality | AHD/W7 | |
| infirmary | n | lodging for treatment of sick/infirm | AHD/W7 | |
| sirdar | n | person of high rank, esp. in India | AHD/W7 | |
| tahsildar | n | revenue officer in India | AHD/W7 | |
| throne | n | chair of state of king/prince/bishop | AHD/W7 | |
| zamindar | n | district land revenue collector in India | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dern, dren | adj | hidden | ASD |
| dracht, drecht | n.str.fem | troop | ASD/GED | |
| drochten | n.str.masc | lord | GED | |
| Frisian: | dregte | n | people, multitude, army | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | derni | adj | secret | ASD |
| dernjan | vb | to dern | OED | |
| drohtīn | n.str.masc | lord | GED | |
| druht-folc | n | army | GED | |
| druht-scepi | n | authority | GED | |
| Old High German: | tarnan, tarnen | vb | to dern | OED |
| tarni | adj | hidden | ASD | |
| tru(h)t | n.fem | multitude | ASD | |
| truhtīn | n.str.masc | lord | GED | |
| Middle High German: | truht | n.str.fem | troop | GED |
| German: | Firma | n.fem | firm, business | W7 |
| tarnen | vb | to dern, disguise | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | drangr | n | rock peak | KNW |
| draugr | n.masc | ghost, undead man | LRC | |
| drengr | n.masc | tree trunk; (gallant) fellow; (young) warrior | KNW | |
| dróttinn | n.masc | lord, leader of host | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | drottning | n.fem | queen | GED |
| drōtt | n.str.fem | troop | GED | |
| drōttinn | n.str.masc | lord | GED | |
| Icelandic: | drōtt | n.fem | people | ASD |
| drōttinn | n | leader, ruler | ASD | |
| Danish: | dreng | n | boy | TLL |
| Swedish: | tron | n | throne | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *drauhtinassus | n.masc | campaign | GED |
| *drauhtinon | vb.wk.II | to perform military service | GED | |
| drauhti-witoþ | n.neut | campaign | GED | |
| driugan | vb | to perform military service | ASD | |
| ga-drauhts | n.masc | soldier | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | affirmo, affirmare | vb | to affirm | W7 |
| confirmo, confirmare | vb | to confirm | W7 | |
| fere | adv | almost | LRC | |
| firmamentum | n.neut | support | W7 | |
| firmo, firmare | vb | to make firm, strengthen | W7 | |
| firmus | adj | firm, strong, stout | RPN | |
| infirmus | adj | infirm, weak | W7 | |
| thronus | n.masc | throne | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | firmamentum | n.neut | firmament, sky | W7 |
| Old French: | afermer | vb | to affirm | AHD |
| confirmer | vb | to confirm | W7 | |
| ferme | n.fem | lease | W7 | |
| fermer | vb | to lease (land) | W7 | |
| trône | n.masc | throne | W7 | |
| Middle French: | afermer | vb | to affirm | W7 |
| ferm | adj | firm | W7 | |
| firmament | n.masc | sky | W7 | |
| Italian: | fermare | vb | to stop | W7 |
| fermata | n.fem | stop, stay, sojourn | W7 | |
| firma | n.fem | signature | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | diržtù, dir̃žti | vb | to grow hard, become firm | RPN |
| diržùs | adj | solid, firm | RPN | |
| draũgas | n | companion | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | drugъ | n.masc/adj/pron | friend; one; another | LRC |
| družina | n | troop | GED | |
| drъžjǫ, drъžati | vb | to hold | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἁθρόος | adj | together | LRC |
| thronos | n.masc | throne, chair | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | dar- | vb | to hold | RPN |
| Dāraya-vahu- | prop.n | Darius, lit. upholding the good | GED | |
| Persian: | -dār | n | holder | W7 |
| zamīndār | n | tax collector | W7 | |
| Avestan: | dar- | vb | to hold, keep | RPN |
| darz- | vb | to hold, fasten | RPN | |
| dərəzra- | adj | firm, strong | RPN | |
| drva- | adj | firm, sound | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dṛ́hyati | vb | to be strong | RPN |
| dharúṇa-ḥ | adj | holding, supporting | RPN | |
| dhartrá-m | n | support, prop | RPN | |
| dharma | n | conformity to one's duty/nature | W7 | |
| dhāráyati | vb | to hold, bear, keep | GED/RPN | |
| dhṛ́ti-ḥ | n | firmness, resolution | RPN | |
| Hindi: | zamīndār | n | land tax-collector | W7 |
| taḥṣīldār | n | revenue officer (in India) | W7 | |
| sardār | n | person of high rank | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
