Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhers- 'to dare, be bold'
Semantic Field(s): to Dare, Brave, Courageous
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | durran, dearr, durron, dorste | vb.ptpr.III | to dare | LRC |
| Middle English: | dar | vb.1/3.sg | (I/he) dare(s) | W7 |
| English: | dare | vb | to be sufficiently courageous | AHD/W7 |
| durst | vb.pret.arch | dared | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | thura, thur, dur, thuron, thorste | vb.ptpr | to dare | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | gi-durran, gi-dar, gi-dorsta | vb.ptpr | to dare | ASD |
| Old High German: | gitar | vb.1/3.sg | (I/he) dare(s) | W7 |
| turran, tar, turrumè„s, torsta | vb.ptpr | to dare | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | turren, tar, turen, torste | vb.ptpr | to dare | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | daursan, dars, daursum, daursta | vb.ptpr | to dare | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | infestus | adj | hostile | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| arch | = | archaic |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| ptpr | = | preterite-present (verb) |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
