Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. dheu-, dheu̯ə-, presumably dhu̯ē-, compare suffixes dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s- 'to blow, dissipate, fly about like dust, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): to Blow
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | dé | n | smoke | LRC |
dumacha | n | fog | GED/RPN | |
dūn | n | fortress | W7 | |
Irish: | dunn | adj | dun | ASD |
dūd | n.masc | stump, pipe; ear, mouth | IED/W7 | |
dūidīn | n.masc | short pipe; dram measure made of horn | IED/W7 | |
Gaelic: | donn | adj | dun, brown | ASD |
Cornish: | din, dun | n.fem | hill | ASD |
Welsh: | dun, dwn | adj | dusky, swarthy | ASD |
English | ||||
Old English: | adūn(e) | adj/adv | down, downward | ASD/W7 |
dēaf | adj | deaf | GED | |
dēafu | n.str.fem | deafness | GED | |
dēag, dēah | n.fem | dye | IEW/W7 | |
dēagan, dēog, dēogon, dēagen | vb.str | to dye | ASD | |
dēagian | vb.wk | to dye | ASD/IEW | |
dēagol, dī(o)gol, dȳgol | adj | secret, hidden, private | ASD/IEW | |
*dēan | n | vapor | GED | |
dēor, dīor | adj/n.neut | (brave as) deer, wild beast/animal | ASD | |
dofian | vb | to be insane | GED | |
dol | adj | foolish | ASD/W7 | |
dox | adj | dusk | W7 | |
dūfe | n | dove | W7 | |
dūn | n.fem | down, hill, mountain | W7 | |
dūne | adv | down, downwards | ASD/W7 | |
dūn-land | n.neut | hilly land, lit. down-land | ASD | |
dun(n) | adj/n | dun, dark brown | W7 | |
dūst | n.neut | dust | W7 | |
dwalian, dwoli(g)an | vb.wk | to err, hinder, go astray | ASD | |
dwellan, dwe(o)ligan | vb.wk | to err, hinder, go astray | ASD | |
dysig | adj | stupid | W7 | |
stē(a)m, stīem | n.masc | steam, hot breath/exhalation | ASD/KEW | |
tūn | n.masc | town, village; yard, court, enclosure | W7 | |
wild-dēoren | adj | re: wild beasts | W7 | |
Middle English: | deef | adj | deaf | W7 |
deer | n | (rein)deer | W7 | |
dehe | n | dye | W7 | |
disy | adj | dizzy | W7 | |
dosk | n | dusk | W7 | |
doun | n | hill | W7 | |
dove | n | dove | W7 | |
dul | adj | dull | W7 | |
dumb | adj | dumb | W7 | |
dun | adj | dun | W7 | |
dust | n | dust | W7 | |
dwellen | vb | to dwell | W7 | |
fume | n | fume | W7 | |
funeral | adj/n | funeral | W7 | |
reindere | n | reindeer | W7 | |
stem | n | steam | W7 | |
stove | n | stove | W7 | |
stu | n | stew | W7 | |
tanesey | n | tansy | W7 | |
thyme | n | thyme | W7 | |
town | n | town | W7 | |
turrible | n | thurible | W7 | |
wildern | adj | wild | W7 | |
wilderness | n | wilderness | W7 | |
English: | Barrow-downs | prop.n | Shire area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
deaf | adj | lacking/deficient in sense of hearing | AHD/W7 | |
Déagol | prop.n | Smeagol's cousin in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
deer | n | ruminant mammal | AHD/W7 | |
Déor | prop.n | 7th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Déorwine | prop.n | Rohan knight in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
dizzy | adj | silly, foolish | AHD/W7 | |
dock | n | sorrel, coarse weedy plant | AHD | |
dodder | n | flax silk | IEW | |
dodder | vb | to shake, shiver, tremble, totter | IEW | |
doldrums | n | spell of despondence/listlessness | AHD/W7 | |
dolt | n | stupid fellow | AHD/W7 | |
dove | n | type of pigeon | AHD/W7 | |
down | adv | toward/in low physical position | AHD/W7 | |
down | n | soft fluffy feathers | AHD/W7 | |
down | n | hill, mountain | AHD/W7 | |
dudeen | n | short clay tobacco pipe | AHD/W7 | |
Dukhobor | prop.n | (member of) Russian Christian movement | AHD | |
dull | adj | stupid, mentally slow | AHD/W7 | |
dumb | adj | destitute of speech | AHD/W7 | |
dummkopf | n | dolt, stupid person | AHD | |
dun | adj | re: dull drab dark-gray/brown color | AHD/W7 | |
Duncan | prop.n | male given name | AHD | |
dune | n | wind-piled sand hill/ridge | AHD/W7 | |
Dúnharg, Dunharrow | prop.n | Rohan refuge in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Dúnhere | prop.n | lord of Harrowdale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Dunland | prop.n | hilly area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
dusk | adj | gloom, twilight | AHD/W7 | |
dust | n | fine dry pulverized dirt particles | AHD/W7 | |
duvet | n | down-stuffed quilt/comforter | AHD/CDC | |
duvetyn | n | smooth lustrous velvety fabric | AHD/W7 | |
Dwalin | prop.n | dwarf in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
Dwaling | prop.n | distant hobbit town in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
dwell, dwelt | vb.wk.intrans | to remain for a while | AHD/W7 | |
dye | n | tint, color | W7 | |
dye | vb | to impart new tint/color | IEW | |
eiderdown | n | down of eider | AHD/W7 | |
enthymeme | n | syllogism in which one premise is implicit | AHD/W7 | |
etouffee | n | spiced Cajun stew similar to gumbo | AHD | |
euthanasia | n | painless putting to death | AHD/W7 | |
Frogmorton | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
fuliginous | adj | sooty | AHD/W7 | |
fumarole | n | volcanic hole from which hot gases/vapors issue | AHD/W7 | |
fumatorium | n | airtight fumigation chamber | AHD | |
fumatory | adj | re: smoke/fumigation | AHD | |
fume | n | gas, smoke, vapor | AHD/W7 | |
funeral | adj/n | (re:) observances held for dead person | AHD/W7 | |
funky | adj | having moldy/musty smell | AHD | |
fuscous | adj | re: brownish gray color | AHD/W7 | |
Hobbiton | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Lake-town | prop.n | a.k.a. Esgaroth in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
obfuscate | vb.trans | to darken | AHD/W7 | |
perfume | n | sweet-smelling scent | AHD/W7 | |
reindeer | n | deer of northern Europe/Asia/America | AHD/W7 | |
sfumato | adj | smoked, misty, indistinct | AHD | |
steam | n | vapor rising from heated substance | W7 | |
stew | n | utensil used for boiling | AHD/W7 | |
stove | n | fixed/portable apparatus burning fuel to provide heat | AHD/W7 | |
subfusc | adj | dull, dark, somber | AHD | |
tansy | n | composite herb | AHD/W7 | |
thanatology | n | study of death/dying | AHD | |
Thanatos | prop.n | god of peaceful/natural death (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
thion- | pfx | sulfur | AHD/W7 | |
thuja | n | evergreen shrub/tree of pine family | AHD/W7 | |
thurible | n | censer | AHD/W7 | |
thurifer | n | one who carries censer in liturgical service | AHD/W7 | |
thyme | n | mint herb having small pungent aromatic leaves | AHD/W7 | |
-thymia | n.sfx | condition of mind/will | AHD/W7 | |
town | n | hamlet, distinct cluster/aggregation of houses with place-name | AHD/W7 | |
typhlosole | n | longitudinal fold of intestinal wall | AHD | |
typhus | n | human febrile disease | AHD/W7 | |
Wilderland | prop.n | wilderness area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
wilderness | n | uncultivated uninhabited tract/region of land | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | dāf | adj | deaf, senseless, unfeeling | GED |
diar, dier | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD | |
dwela, dwila | vb | to err | ASD | |
tūn | n.masc | fence | ASD | |
Frisian: | dol | adj | mad | ASD |
dwæljen, dwyljen | vb | to err | ASD | |
Middle Dutch: | doom | n | steam, vapor | GED |
Dutch: | dier | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD |
dof | adj | dull, lusterless | GED | |
dok | n | dock | TLL | |
dol | adj | insane | ASD | |
doof | adj | deaf | ASD | |
duif | n | dove | TLL | |
duin | n.masc | down, hill, mountain | ASD | |
dwālen | vb | to err | ASD | |
stoom | n | steam | TLL | |
tuin | n.masc | fence; garden | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | dier | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD |
dol | adj | foolish | ASD | |
dōmian | vb.wk | to steam | GED | |
douf | adj | deaf | ASD | |
dovōn | vb | to be insane | GED | |
duelan | vb | to err | ASD | |
dununga | n.str.fem | raving | GED | |
Old Low German: | tūn | n.masc | wall | ASD |
Middle Low German: | dōf | adj | deaf, senseless, unfeeling | GED |
stove | n | heated room, steam room | W7 | |
Old High German: | dūn(a) | n | mountain | ASD |
stuba | n | steam room, heated room | W7 | |
tior, tier | n.neut | wild animal | ASD/W7 | |
tobēn, tobōn | vb | to rave | GED | |
tol | adj | foolish | ASD | |
toub, toup, doup | adj | deaf, senseless, unfeeling | ASD/GED | |
tougal | adj | dark, secret, hidden | ASD | |
toum | n.str.masc | steam, vapor | GED/RPN | |
toumen | vb | to be fragrant | W7 | |
tūba | n | dove | W7 | |
tumb | adj | dumb, mute | W7 | |
tūmōn | vb.wk | to turn in a circle | GED | |
tump | adj | dumb, deaf | GED | |
tusig | adj | stupid | W7 | |
twellen | vb | to dwell, tarry | W7 | |
zūn | n.masc | wall, fence, hedge, enclosure | ASD/W7 | |
Middle High German: | dol, tol | adj | mad | ASD |
tier | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD | |
tob, top | adj | without understanding | GED | |
touben | vb.wk | to stun, deafen | GED | |
toup | adj | deaf | ASD | |
German: | Daune | n.fem | down (feathers) | W7 |
Dock | n | dock | TLL | |
doof | adj | dopey, silly | LRC | |
dumm | adj | dumb, dull, slow, stupid | LRC | |
Dummkopf | n.masc | dummkopf, blockhead, simpleton | LRC | |
Düne | n.fem | down, hill, mountain | ASD | |
Eiderdaune | n.fem | eiderdown | W7 | |
Stube | n.fem | living room | LRC | |
taub | adj | deaf | ASD | |
Taube | n | dove | TLL | |
T(h)ier | n.neut | animal | ASD | |
toll | adj | mad | ASD | |
Zaun | n.masc | fence, hedge | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | daufr | adj | deaf | LRC |
deyja | vb | to die | W7 | |
dul | n.fem | reserve, folly; conceit | LRC | |
dulði, dylja | vb | to remain unaware of; (mid.) deceive oneself | LRC | |
dúfa | n | dove | KNW | |
dūnn | n | down (feathers) | W7 | |
Dvalinn | prop.n.masc | Dvalin/Dwalin (Voluspa dwarf) | TPE | |
dvalinn | n.masc | sleeper, hesitant/unconscious one | LRC | |
dýr | n.neut | (wild) animal | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | daufr | adj | deaf, lazy | GED |
daunn | n | stench, bad smell | GED/RPN | |
deyfa | vb.wk | to stun, deafen | GED | |
deyfþ | n.str.fem | deafness | GED | |
dofinn | vb.past.ptc | dull, spiritless | GED | |
dvala, dvalað | vb | to dwell, delay, hesitate | ICE | |
dȳja | vb.wk | to move, shake | GED/RPN | |
Icelandic: | daufr | adj | deaf | ASD |
dulr | adj | silent, close | ASD | |
dūnn | n | down | W7 | |
dȳr | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD | |
tun | n.masc | homestead, enclosure | ASD | |
Norwegian: | tun | n.masc | court, farmyard | ASD |
Danish: | dok | n | dock | TLL |
due | n | dove | TLL | |
dyr | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD | |
döv | adj | deaf | ASD | |
Swedish: | djur | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD |
docka | n | dock | TLL | |
duva | n | dove | TLL | |
döf | adj | deaf | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *daufs, daubs | adj | deaf, stubborn | ASD/GED |
dauns | n.fem | smell, scent, fragrance, sense of smell | GED/RPN | |
dius | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD | |
dumbs | adj | dumb, deaf | GED | |
dwals | adj | dull | ASD | |
hraiwa-dubō | n | turtle-dove | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | fimus, fimi | n.masc | dung | LRC |
fuligo, fuliginis | n.fem | soot | W7 | |
fumarium | n.neut | smoke chamber for aging wine | W7 | |
fūmō, fūmāre | vb | to fume, reek, smoke | W7 | |
fūmus | n.masc | fume, smoke, steam | GED/RPN | |
funeralis | adj | funeral | W7 | |
funus, funeris | n.neut | funeral | W7 | |
furo, furere | vb | to rage | W7 | |
fuscus | adj | dark brown | W7 | |
subfuscus | adj | subfusc, brownish | AHD | |
suffiō, suffīre | vb | to smoke, perfume, fumigate | GED | |
thuribulum | n.neut | censer | W7 | |
thurifer | adj | incense-burning | W7 | |
thus | n.neut | incense | W7 | |
thymum | n.neut | thyme | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | extufa | n.fem | steam, smoke | W7 |
extufo, extufāre | vb | to stew | W7 | |
Late Latin: | fuliginosus | adj | covered with soot | W7 |
fumariolum | n.neut | smoke chamber for aging wine | W7 | |
obfuscatus | vb.ptc | made murky | W7 | |
obfusco, obfuscāre, obfuscāvī, obfuscātus | vb | to make murky | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | athanasia | n.fem | immortality | W7 |
thuia | n.fem | a cedar | W7 | |
New Latin: | Thuja | n.fem | genus name | W7 |
thurifer | n.masc | one who carries a censer in a liturgical service | W7 | |
-thymia | sfx | -thymia; re: heart | W7 | |
typhus | n.masc | fever, disease | W7 | |
Portuguese: | fumo | n | fume | TLL |
Spanish: | dúnas | n.pl | downs, hills, mountains | ASD |
humo | n | fume | TLL | |
Old French: | dum | n.masc | down | W7 |
tanesie | n.fem | tansy (plant genus) | W7 | |
Middle French: | duvet | n.masc | down | W7 |
estuve | n.fem | stew | W7 | |
fum | n.masc | smoke | W7 | |
perfum | n.masc | perfume | W7 | |
thurible | n.masc | censer | W7 | |
thym | n.masc | thyme | W7 | |
French: | dune | n.fem | dune | W7 |
duvet | n.masc | down | W7 | |
duvetine | n.fem | duvet, cloth made with duvet | W7 | |
fumée | n | fume | TLL | |
Cajun French: | étouffée | n | etouffee | LRC |
Old Provençal: | perfum | n.masc | perfume | W7 |
perfumar | vb | to perfume | W7 | |
Provençal: | dauf | adj | deaf | GED |
Italian: | dúna | n.fem | elevation of sand thrown up by the sea | ASD |
fumaròla | n.fem | fumarole | W7 | |
fumo | n | fume | TLL | |
sfumato | adj | sfumato | AHD | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | dumis | n | smoke | GED/RPN |
Lithuanian: | dujà | n | dust, spray, drizzle; [pl.] gas | GED/RPN |
dujóti | vb | to sprinkle | GED | |
dúmai | n.pl | smoke | GED/RPN | |
Latvian: | dũmals | adj | dark-brown | GED |
dūlāgs | n.masc | smoke stick | LRC | |
dūms | n.masc | smoke | LRC | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | dunǫti | vb | to blow | LRC |
dymъ | n | smoke | GED/RPN | |
Old Russian: | dymŭ | n | smoke | LRC |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | deh | vb | to intoxicate | GED |
dêj | vb | to be intoxicated | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | athanasia | n.fem | immortality | W7 |
ἀθάνατος | adj | immortal | LRC | |
athanatos | adj | immortal | W7 | |
enthymeisthai | vb | to keep in mind | W7 | |
enthymēma | n.neut | a thought | W7 | |
euthanasia | n.fem | easy death, favored death | W7 | |
Thanatos | n.masc | Thanatos | W7 | |
thanatos | n.masc | death | W7 | |
theion | adj.neut | divine | W7 | |
θνήσκω | vb | to die | LRC | |
thyia | n.fem | cedar tree | W7 | |
θυμιάω | vb | to burn with smoke | LRC | |
θύμον, θύμος | n.neut | thyme | LRC | |
θῡμός | n.masc | soul, spirit; heart, mind; passion, courage | LRC | |
θῡ́νω | vb | to rush, dart along | RPN | |
θύος | n | incense, sacrifice | RPN | |
θύω | vb | to sacrifice, make a burnt offering | GED | |
τύφειν | vb | to smoke, raise dust | RPN | |
τυφλός | adj | blind, unable to perceive | GED | |
τῦφος | n.masc | smoke, vapor; conceit, vanity | GED | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | túh̯-h̯u-iš | n | smoke, vapor | RPN |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | dedevim | vb | to wave, sway | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | dunman- | n | cloud | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | adhvanīt | vb.pret | it vanished | W7 |
dhū́ka-ḥ | n | wind | RPN | |
dhūnóti | vb | to shake, agitate | GED/RPN | |
dhūpa-ḥ | n | incense | RPN | |
dhūmá-ḥ | n | smoke, mist, vapor | RPN | |
dhūli-ḥ | n | dust, powder, pollen | RPN | |
dhvamsati | vb | to perish | W7 | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | tweye | n | dust, vapor | RPN |
Tocharian A: | twe(ye) | n | dust, vapor | GED/RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
past | = | past (tense) |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
pret | = | preterite (tense) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
TPE | = | Lee M. Hollander: The Poetic Edda (1962) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |