Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. dheu-, dheu̯ə-, presumably dhu̯ē-, compare suffixes dhu̯ē-k-, dhu̯ē̆-s- 'to blow, dissipate, fly about like dust, etc.'
Semantic Field(s): to Blow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | dé | n | smoke | LRC |
| dumacha | n | fog | GED/RPN | |
| dūn | n | fortress | W7 | |
| Irish: | dunn | adj | dun | ASD |
| dūd | n.masc | stump, pipe; ear, mouth | IED/W7 | |
| dūidīn | n.masc | short pipe; dram measure made of horn | IED/W7 | |
| Gaelic: | donn | adj | dun, brown | ASD |
| Cornish: | din, dun | n.fem | hill | ASD |
| Welsh: | dun, dwn | adj | dusky, swarthy | ASD |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | adūn(e) | adj/adv | down, downward | ASD/W7 |
| dēaf | adj | deaf | GED | |
| dēafu | n.str.fem | deafness | GED | |
| dēag, dēah | n.fem | dye | IEW/W7 | |
| dēagan, dēog, dēogon, dēagen | vb.str | to dye | ASD | |
| dēagian | vb.wk | to dye | ASD/IEW | |
| dēagol, dī(o)gol, dȳgol | adj | secret, hidden, private | ASD/IEW | |
| *dēan | n | vapor | GED | |
| dēor, dīor | adj/n.neut | (brave as) deer, wild beast/animal | ASD | |
| dofian | vb | to be insane | GED | |
| dol | adj | foolish | ASD/W7 | |
| dox | adj | dusk | W7 | |
| dūfe | n | dove | W7 | |
| dūn | n.fem | down, hill, mountain | W7 | |
| dūne | adv | down, downwards | ASD/W7 | |
| dūn-land | n.neut | hilly land, lit. down-land | ASD | |
| dun(n) | adj/n | dun, dark brown | W7 | |
| dūst | n.neut | dust | W7 | |
| dwalian, dwoli(g)an | vb.wk | to err, hinder, go astray | ASD | |
| dwellan, dwe(o)ligan | vb.wk | to err, hinder, go astray | ASD | |
| dysig | adj | stupid | W7 | |
| stē(a)m, stīem | n.masc | steam, hot breath/exhalation | ASD/KEW | |
| tūn | n.masc | town, village; yard, court, enclosure | W7 | |
| wild-dēoren | adj | re: wild beasts | W7 | |
| Middle English: | deef | adj | deaf | W7 |
| deer | n | (rein)deer | W7 | |
| dehe | n | dye | W7 | |
| disy | adj | dizzy | W7 | |
| dosk | n | dusk | W7 | |
| doun | n | hill | W7 | |
| dove | n | dove | W7 | |
| dul | adj | dull | W7 | |
| dumb | adj | dumb | W7 | |
| dun | adj | dun | W7 | |
| dust | n | dust | W7 | |
| dwellen | vb | to dwell | W7 | |
| fume | n | fume | W7 | |
| funeral | adj/n | funeral | W7 | |
| reindere | n | reindeer | W7 | |
| stem | n | steam | W7 | |
| stove | n | stove | W7 | |
| stu | n | stew | W7 | |
| tanesey | n | tansy | W7 | |
| thyme | n | thyme | W7 | |
| town | n | town | W7 | |
| turrible | n | thurible | W7 | |
| wildern | adj | wild | W7 | |
| wilderness | n | wilderness | W7 | |
| English: | Barrow-downs | prop.n | Shire area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| deaf | adj | lacking/deficient in sense of hearing | AHD/W7 | |
| Déagol | prop.n | Smeagol's cousin in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| deer | n | ruminant mammal | AHD/W7 | |
| Déor | prop.n | 7th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Déorwine | prop.n | Rohan knight in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| dizzy | adj | silly, foolish | AHD/W7 | |
| dock | n | sorrel, coarse weedy plant | AHD | |
| dodder | n | flax silk | IEW | |
| dodder | vb | to shake, shiver, tremble, totter | IEW | |
| doldrums | n | spell of despondence/listlessness | AHD/W7 | |
| dolt | n | stupid fellow | AHD/W7 | |
| dove | n | type of pigeon | AHD/W7 | |
| down | adv | toward/in low physical position | AHD/W7 | |
| down | n | soft fluffy feathers | AHD/W7 | |
| down | n | hill, mountain | AHD/W7 | |
| dudeen | n | short clay tobacco pipe | AHD/W7 | |
| Dukhobor | prop.n | (member of) Russian Christian movement | AHD | |
| dull | adj | stupid, mentally slow | AHD/W7 | |
| dumb | adj | destitute of speech | AHD/W7 | |
| dummkopf | n | dolt, stupid person | AHD | |
| dun | adj | re: dull drab dark-gray/brown color | AHD/W7 | |
| Duncan | prop.n | male given name | AHD | |
| dune | n | wind-piled sand hill/ridge | AHD/W7 | |
| Dúnharg, Dunharrow | prop.n | Rohan refuge in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Dúnhere | prop.n | lord of Harrowdale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Dunland | prop.n | hilly area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| dusk | adj | gloom, twilight | AHD/W7 | |
| dust | n | fine dry pulverized dirt particles | AHD/W7 | |
| duvet | n | down-stuffed quilt/comforter | AHD/CDC | |
| duvetyn | n | smooth lustrous velvety fabric | AHD/W7 | |
| Dwalin | prop.n | dwarf in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
| Dwaling | prop.n | distant hobbit town in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| dwell, dwelt | vb.wk.intrans | to remain for a while | AHD/W7 | |
| dye | n | tint, color | W7 | |
| dye | vb | to impart new tint/color | IEW | |
| eiderdown | n | down of eider | AHD/W7 | |
| enthymeme | n | syllogism in which one premise is implicit | AHD/W7 | |
| etouffee | n | spiced Cajun stew similar to gumbo | AHD | |
| euthanasia | n | painless putting to death | AHD/W7 | |
| Frogmorton | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| fuliginous | adj | sooty | AHD/W7 | |
| fumarole | n | volcanic hole from which hot gases/vapors issue | AHD/W7 | |
| fumatorium | n | airtight fumigation chamber | AHD | |
| fumatory | adj | re: smoke/fumigation | AHD | |
| fume | n | gas, smoke, vapor | AHD/W7 | |
| funeral | adj/n | (re:) observances held for dead person | AHD/W7 | |
| funky | adj | having moldy/musty smell | AHD | |
| fuscous | adj | re: brownish gray color | AHD/W7 | |
| Hobbiton | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Lake-town | prop.n | a.k.a. Esgaroth in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
| obfuscate | vb.trans | to darken | AHD/W7 | |
| perfume | n | sweet-smelling scent | AHD/W7 | |
| reindeer | n | deer of northern Europe/Asia/America | AHD/W7 | |
| sfumato | adj | smoked, misty, indistinct | AHD | |
| steam | n | vapor rising from heated substance | W7 | |
| stew | n | utensil used for boiling | AHD/W7 | |
| stove | n | fixed/portable apparatus burning fuel to provide heat | AHD/W7 | |
| subfusc | adj | dull, dark, somber | AHD | |
| tansy | n | composite herb | AHD/W7 | |
| thanatology | n | study of death/dying | AHD | |
| Thanatos | prop.n | god of peaceful/natural death (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| thion- | pfx | sulfur | AHD/W7 | |
| thuja | n | evergreen shrub/tree of pine family | AHD/W7 | |
| thurible | n | censer | AHD/W7 | |
| thurifer | n | one who carries censer in liturgical service | AHD/W7 | |
| thyme | n | mint herb having small pungent aromatic leaves | AHD/W7 | |
| -thymia | n.sfx | condition of mind/will | AHD/W7 | |
| town | n | hamlet, distinct cluster/aggregation of houses with place-name | AHD/W7 | |
| typhlosole | n | longitudinal fold of intestinal wall | AHD | |
| typhus | n | human febrile disease | AHD/W7 | |
| Wilderland | prop.n | wilderness area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| wilderness | n | uncultivated uninhabited tract/region of land | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dāf | adj | deaf, senseless, unfeeling | GED |
| diar, dier | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD | |
| dwela, dwila | vb | to err | ASD | |
| tūn | n.masc | fence | ASD | |
| Frisian: | dol | adj | mad | ASD |
| dwæljen, dwyljen | vb | to err | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | doom | n | steam, vapor | GED |
| Dutch: | dier | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD |
| dof | adj | dull, lusterless | GED | |
| dok | n | dock | TLL | |
| dol | adj | insane | ASD | |
| doof | adj | deaf | ASD | |
| duif | n | dove | TLL | |
| duin | n.masc | down, hill, mountain | ASD | |
| dwālen | vb | to err | ASD | |
| stoom | n | steam | TLL | |
| tuin | n.masc | fence; garden | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | dier | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD |
| dol | adj | foolish | ASD | |
| dōmian | vb.wk | to steam | GED | |
| douf | adj | deaf | ASD | |
| dovōn | vb | to be insane | GED | |
| duelan | vb | to err | ASD | |
| dununga | n.str.fem | raving | GED | |
| Old Low German: | tūn | n.masc | wall | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | dōf | adj | deaf, senseless, unfeeling | GED |
| stove | n | heated room, steam room | W7 | |
| Old High German: | dūn(a) | n | mountain | ASD |
| stuba | n | steam room, heated room | W7 | |
| tior, tier | n.neut | wild animal | ASD/W7 | |
| tobēn, tobōn | vb | to rave | GED | |
| tol | adj | foolish | ASD | |
| toub, toup, doup | adj | deaf, senseless, unfeeling | ASD/GED | |
| tougal | adj | dark, secret, hidden | ASD | |
| toum | n.str.masc | steam, vapor | GED/RPN | |
| toumen | vb | to be fragrant | W7 | |
| tūba | n | dove | W7 | |
| tumb | adj | dumb, mute | W7 | |
| tūmōn | vb.wk | to turn in a circle | GED | |
| tump | adj | dumb, deaf | GED | |
| tusig | adj | stupid | W7 | |
| twellen | vb | to dwell, tarry | W7 | |
| zūn | n.masc | wall, fence, hedge, enclosure | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle High German: | dol, tol | adj | mad | ASD |
| tier | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD | |
| tob, top | adj | without understanding | GED | |
| touben | vb.wk | to stun, deafen | GED | |
| toup | adj | deaf | ASD | |
| German: | Daune | n.fem | down (feathers) | W7 |
| Dock | n | dock | TLL | |
| doof | adj | dopey, silly | LRC | |
| dumm | adj | dumb, dull, slow, stupid | LRC | |
| Dummkopf | n.masc | dummkopf, blockhead, simpleton | LRC | |
| Düne | n.fem | down, hill, mountain | ASD | |
| Eiderdaune | n.fem | eiderdown | W7 | |
| Stube | n.fem | living room | LRC | |
| taub | adj | deaf | ASD | |
| Taube | n | dove | TLL | |
| T(h)ier | n.neut | animal | ASD | |
| toll | adj | mad | ASD | |
| Zaun | n.masc | fence, hedge | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | daufr | adj | deaf | LRC |
| deyja | vb | to die | W7 | |
| dul | n.fem | reserve, folly; conceit | LRC | |
| dulði, dylja | vb | to remain unaware of; (mid.) deceive oneself | LRC | |
| dúfa | n | dove | KNW | |
| dūnn | n | down (feathers) | W7 | |
| Dvalinn | prop.n.masc | Dvalin/Dwalin (Voluspa dwarf) | TPE | |
| dvalinn | n.masc | sleeper, hesitant/unconscious one | LRC | |
| dýr | n.neut | (wild) animal | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | daufr | adj | deaf, lazy | GED |
| daunn | n | stench, bad smell | GED/RPN | |
| deyfa | vb.wk | to stun, deafen | GED | |
| deyfþ | n.str.fem | deafness | GED | |
| dofinn | vb.past.ptc | dull, spiritless | GED | |
| dvala, dvalað | vb | to dwell, delay, hesitate | ICE | |
| dȳja | vb.wk | to move, shake | GED/RPN | |
| Icelandic: | daufr | adj | deaf | ASD |
| dulr | adj | silent, close | ASD | |
| dūnn | n | down | W7 | |
| dȳr | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD | |
| tun | n.masc | homestead, enclosure | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | tun | n.masc | court, farmyard | ASD |
| Danish: | dok | n | dock | TLL |
| due | n | dove | TLL | |
| dyr | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD | |
| döv | adj | deaf | ASD | |
| Swedish: | djur | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD |
| docka | n | dock | TLL | |
| duva | n | dove | TLL | |
| döf | adj | deaf | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *daufs, daubs | adj | deaf, stubborn | ASD/GED |
| dauns | n.fem | smell, scent, fragrance, sense of smell | GED/RPN | |
| dius | n.neut | deer, wild animal | ASD | |
| dumbs | adj | dumb, deaf | GED | |
| dwals | adj | dull | ASD | |
| hraiwa-dubō | n | turtle-dove | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | fimus, fimi | n.masc | dung | LRC |
| fuligo, fuliginis | n.fem | soot | W7 | |
| fumarium | n.neut | smoke chamber for aging wine | W7 | |
| fūmō, fūmāre | vb | to fume, reek, smoke | W7 | |
| fūmus | n.masc | fume, smoke, steam | GED/RPN | |
| funeralis | adj | funeral | W7 | |
| funus, funeris | n.neut | funeral | W7 | |
| furo, furere | vb | to rage | W7 | |
| fuscus | adj | dark brown | W7 | |
| subfuscus | adj | subfusc, brownish | AHD | |
| suffiō, suffīre | vb | to smoke, perfume, fumigate | GED | |
| thuribulum | n.neut | censer | W7 | |
| thurifer | adj | incense-burning | W7 | |
| thus | n.neut | incense | W7 | |
| thymum | n.neut | thyme | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | extufa | n.fem | steam, smoke | W7 |
| extufo, extufāre | vb | to stew | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | fuliginosus | adj | covered with soot | W7 |
| fumariolum | n.neut | smoke chamber for aging wine | W7 | |
| obfuscatus | vb.ptc | made murky | W7 | |
| obfusco, obfuscāre, obfuscāvī, obfuscātus | vb | to make murky | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | athanasia | n.fem | immortality | W7 |
| thuia | n.fem | a cedar | W7 | |
| New Latin: | Thuja | n.fem | genus name | W7 |
| thurifer | n.masc | one who carries a censer in a liturgical service | W7 | |
| -thymia | sfx | -thymia; re: heart | W7 | |
| typhus | n.masc | fever, disease | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | fumo | n | fume | TLL |
| Spanish: | dúnas | n.pl | downs, hills, mountains | ASD |
| humo | n | fume | TLL | |
| Old French: | dum | n.masc | down | W7 |
| tanesie | n.fem | tansy (plant genus) | W7 | |
| Middle French: | duvet | n.masc | down | W7 |
| estuve | n.fem | stew | W7 | |
| fum | n.masc | smoke | W7 | |
| perfum | n.masc | perfume | W7 | |
| thurible | n.masc | censer | W7 | |
| thym | n.masc | thyme | W7 | |
| French: | dune | n.fem | dune | W7 |
| duvet | n.masc | down | W7 | |
| duvetine | n.fem | duvet, cloth made with duvet | W7 | |
| fumée | n | fume | TLL | |
| Cajun French: | étouffée | n | etouffee | LRC |
| Old Provençal: | perfum | n.masc | perfume | W7 |
| perfumar | vb | to perfume | W7 | |
| Provençal: | dauf | adj | deaf | GED |
| Italian: | dúna | n.fem | elevation of sand thrown up by the sea | ASD |
| fumaròla | n.fem | fumarole | W7 | |
| fumo | n | fume | TLL | |
| sfumato | adj | sfumato | AHD | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | dumis | n | smoke | GED/RPN |
| Lithuanian: | dujà | n | dust, spray, drizzle; [pl.] gas | GED/RPN |
| dujóti | vb | to sprinkle | GED | |
| dúmai | n.pl | smoke | GED/RPN | |
| Latvian: | dũmals | adj | dark-brown | GED |
| dūlāgs | n.masc | smoke stick | LRC | |
| dūms | n.masc | smoke | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | dunǫti | vb | to blow | LRC |
| dymъ | n | smoke | GED/RPN | |
| Old Russian: | dymŭ | n | smoke | LRC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | deh | vb | to intoxicate | GED |
| dêj | vb | to be intoxicated | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | athanasia | n.fem | immortality | W7 |
| ἀθάνατος | adj | immortal | LRC | |
| athanatos | adj | immortal | W7 | |
| enthymeisthai | vb | to keep in mind | W7 | |
| enthymēma | n.neut | a thought | W7 | |
| euthanasia | n.fem | easy death, favored death | W7 | |
| Thanatos | n.masc | Thanatos | W7 | |
| thanatos | n.masc | death | W7 | |
| theion | adj.neut | divine | W7 | |
| θνήσκω | vb | to die | LRC | |
| thyia | n.fem | cedar tree | W7 | |
| θυμιάω | vb | to burn with smoke | LRC | |
| θύμον, θύμος | n.neut | thyme | LRC | |
| θῡμός | n.masc | soul, spirit; heart, mind; passion, courage | LRC | |
| θῡ́νω | vb | to rush, dart along | RPN | |
| θύος | n | incense, sacrifice | RPN | |
| θύω | vb | to sacrifice, make a burnt offering | GED | |
| τύφειν | vb | to smoke, raise dust | RPN | |
| τυφλός | adj | blind, unable to perceive | GED | |
| τῦφος | n.masc | smoke, vapor; conceit, vanity | GED | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | túh̯-h̯u-iš | n | smoke, vapor | RPN |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | dedevim | vb | to wave, sway | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | dunman- | n | cloud | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | adhvanīt | vb.pret | it vanished | W7 |
| dhū́ka-ḥ | n | wind | RPN | |
| dhūnóti | vb | to shake, agitate | GED/RPN | |
| dhūpa-ḥ | n | incense | RPN | |
| dhūmá-ḥ | n | smoke, mist, vapor | RPN | |
| dhūli-ḥ | n | dust, powder, pollen | RPN | |
| dhvamsati | vb | to perish | W7 | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | tweye | n | dust, vapor | RPN |
| Tocharian A: | twe(ye) | n | dust, vapor | GED/RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| TPE | = | Lee M. Hollander: The Poetic Edda (1962) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |