Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dheu-b-, dheu-p- 'deep, hollow'
Semantic Field(s): Deep, Hollow, Concave
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | Domnall | prop.n | Donald | AHD |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dēop, dīop | adj | deep | ASD/W7 |
| dūfan | vb.str | to dive, sink | ASD/W7 | |
| dȳfan | vb.wk | to dip | ASD/W7 | |
| dyppan, dippan | vb.wk | to dip | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | de(e)p | adj | deep | W7 |
| depth | n | depth | W7 | |
| dippen | vb | to dip | W7 | |
| diven, duven | vb | to dive | W7 | |
| dympull | n | dimple | W7 | |
| English: | deep | adj | extending far down from surface | AHD/W7 |
| depth | n | deep place in body of water | AHD/W7 | |
| dimple | n | depression/indentation in cheek | IEW/W7 | |
| dip | vb | to plunge/immerse (in liquid) to cool/coat/moisten | AHD/W7 | |
| dive | vb | to plunge headfirst into water | AHD/W7 | |
| Donald | prop.n | male given name | AHD | |
| dump | n | deep water-filled hole | IEW | |
| Pythia | prop.n | priestess/prophetess of Delphic Apollo | W7 | |
| Pythian | prop.adj | re: Pytho | W7 | |
| Pytho | prop.n | (older name for) Delphi | W2I | |
| Python | prop.n | dragon/serpent as tutelary demon of Delphic oracular cult | AHD | |
| python | n | large constricting snake (e.g. boa) | AHD/W7 | |
| Typhon | prop.n | monster with 100 heads (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | diap, diop | adj | deep | ASD |
| Dutch: | diep | adj | deep | ASD |
| doopen | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | diap, diop | adj | deep | ASD |
| dōpian | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD | |
| Old High German: | tiof, tiuf | adj | deep | ASD/W7 |
| toufēn | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD | |
| tupfen | n | to wash | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | tief | adj | deep | ASD |
| toufen | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD | |
| German: | taufen | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD |
| tief | adj | deep | ASD | |
| tupfen | vb | to dab | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | djúpr | adj | deep | LRC |
| Icelandic: | djūpr | adj | deep | ASD |
| dȳfa | vb | to dip | ASD | |
| Danish: | dyb | adj | deep | ASD |
| Swedish: | djup | adj | deep | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | daupyan | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD |
| diups | adj | deep | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | Pȳthia | n.fem | Pythia, the Pythoness | ELD |
| Pȳthi(c)us | adj | Delphic, Pythian | ELD | |
| Pȳthōn | prop.n.masc | Python: snake killed by Apollo near Delphi | W7 | |
| Typhon | n.masc | Typhon | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | dubus | adj | deep | LD/W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | Πυθία | prop.n | Pythia | ELD |
| Πυθικός | prop.adj | Delphic, Pythian | ELD | |
| Πύθιος | prop.adj | Delphic, Pythian | ELD | |
| Pythōn | n.masc | Python: spirit of divination | W7 | |
| Typhōn | n.masc | Typhon | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LD | = | Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |