Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dheu-b-, dheu-p- 'deep, hollow'
Semantic Field(s): Deep, Hollow, Concave
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | Domnall | prop.n | Donald | AHD |
English | ||||
Old English: | dēop, dīop | adj | deep | ASD/W7 |
dūfan | vb.str | to dive, sink | ASD/W7 | |
dȳfan | vb.wk | to dip | ASD/W7 | |
dyppan, dippan | vb.wk | to dip | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | de(e)p | adj | deep | W7 |
depth | n | depth | W7 | |
dippen | vb | to dip | W7 | |
diven, duven | vb | to dive | W7 | |
dympull | n | dimple | W7 | |
English: | deep | adj | extending far down from surface | AHD/W7 |
depth | n | deep place in body of water | AHD/W7 | |
dimple | n | depression/indentation in cheek | IEW/W7 | |
dip | vb | to plunge/immerse (in liquid) to cool/coat/moisten | AHD/W7 | |
dive | vb | to plunge headfirst into water | AHD/W7 | |
Donald | prop.n | male given name | AHD | |
dump | n | deep water-filled hole | IEW | |
Pythia | prop.n | priestess/prophetess of Delphic Apollo | W7 | |
Pythian | prop.adj | re: Pytho | W7 | |
Pytho | prop.n | (older name for) Delphi | W2I | |
Python | prop.n | dragon/serpent as tutelary demon of Delphic oracular cult | AHD | |
python | n | large constricting snake (e.g. boa) | AHD/W7 | |
Typhon | prop.n | monster with 100 heads (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | diap, diop | adj | deep | ASD |
Dutch: | diep | adj | deep | ASD |
doopen | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | diap, diop | adj | deep | ASD |
dōpian | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD | |
Old High German: | tiof, tiuf | adj | deep | ASD/W7 |
toufēn | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD | |
tupfen | n | to wash | W7 | |
Middle High German: | tief | adj | deep | ASD |
toufen | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD | |
German: | taufen | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD |
tief | adj | deep | ASD | |
tupfen | vb | to dab | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | djúpr | adj | deep | LRC |
Icelandic: | djūpr | adj | deep | ASD |
dȳfa | vb | to dip | ASD | |
Danish: | dyb | adj | deep | ASD |
Swedish: | djup | adj | deep | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | daupyan | vb | to dip, baptize | ASD |
diups | adj | deep | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | Pȳthia | n.fem | Pythia, the Pythoness | ELD |
Pȳthi(c)us | adj | Delphic, Pythian | ELD | |
Pȳthōn | prop.n.masc | Python: snake killed by Apollo near Delphi | W7 | |
Typhon | n.masc | Typhon | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | dubus | adj | deep | LD/W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | Πυθία | prop.n | Pythia | ELD |
Πυθικός | prop.adj | Delphic, Pythian | ELD | |
Πύθιος | prop.adj | Delphic, Pythian | ELD | |
Pythōn | n.masc | Python: spirit of divination | W7 | |
Typhōn | n.masc | Typhon | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LD | = | Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |