Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhrebh- 'to drub, crush, grind to pieces'
Semantic Field(s): to Hit, Strike, Beat, to Grind
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | drepan | vb | to drub | CDC |
Middle English: | draf | n | husks, grains | GED |
drepen | vb | to drub, kill | CDC | |
English: | drub | vb | to beat, strike | CDC |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | draf | n | husks, grains | GED |
Dutch: | treffen | vb | to drub | ASD |
Old High German: | *trab | n | husks, grains | GED |
tref(f)an | vb | to drub, touch | ASD/CDC | |
Middle High German: | triffen | vb | to drub | ASD |
German: | treffen | vb | to drub | ASD |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | drepa | vb | to drub, smite, kill, slay | LRC |
Old Icelandic: | blōð-drefjar | n.fem.pl | lit. blood-spattering | GED |
draf | n | husks | GED | |
drafna | vb | to disintegrate | GED | |
Icelandic: | drepa | vb | to drub, hit | ASD |
Danish: | dræbe | vb | to drub, kill, slay | CDC |
Swedish: | drabba | vb | to drub, hit | CDC |
dræpa | vb | to kill, slay | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *ga-draban | vb.str.VI | to hew out | GED |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | drobiti | vb | to break up | GED |
Russian: | drob | n.fem | fragment | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
VI | = | class 6 |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
pl | = | plural (number) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |