Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhreg̑- 'to pull'
Semantic Field(s): to Draw, Pull
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | drencan | vb.irr | to drench | ASD/W7 |
drincan | vb.irr | to drink | ASD/W7 | |
medu-drinc | n.masc | mead-drink | LRC | |
Middle English: | drenchen | vb | to drench | W7 |
drinken | vb | to drink | W7 | |
drounen | vb | to drown | W7 | |
English: | drench | vb.trans | to force to drink | AHD/W7 |
drink, drank, drunk | vb.str | to imbibe, swallow | AHD/W7 | |
drink | n | beverage, liquid suitable for swallowing | W7 | |
drown | vb | to suffocate by submersion | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | drenka, drinka, drinsa | vb | to drown | ASD |
drinka | vb | to drink | ASD | |
Frisian: | drincken | vb | to drink | ASD |
drinssen | vb | to drench | ASD | |
Dutch: | drank | n | drink | TLL |
drenken | vb | to drench | ASD | |
drinken | vb | to drink | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | drenkan | vb | to drench | ASD |
drinkan | vb | to drink | ASD | |
Old High German: | trinkan, trenkjan, trankjan | vb | to drink | ASD/W7 |
Middle High German: | trenken | vb | to drench | ASD |
trinken | vb | to drink | ASD | |
German: | Getränk | n | drink | TLL |
tränken | vb | to give to drink | ASD | |
trinken | vb.irr | to drink | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | drekka | vb | to drink | LRC |
Icelandic: | drekka | vb | to drink | ASD |
drekkja | vb | to drown | ASD | |
Danish: | drik | n | drink | TLL |
drikke | vb | to drink | ASD | |
Swedish: | dricka | vb | to drink | ASD |
dryck | n | drink | TLL | |
dränka | vb | to drown | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | dragkyan | vb | to give to drink | ASD |
drigkan | vb | to drink | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
irr | = | irregular |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |