Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. dhregh- 'to run'
Semantic Field(s): to Run
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | droch | n | wheel | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | trocle | n | truckle | W7 |
| trukken | vb | to truck | W7 | |
| English: | trochal | adj | wheel-like | AHD/W7 |
| trochanter | n | rough prominence at upper end of vertebrate femur | AHD/W7 | |
| troche | n | medicinal tablet/lozenge | AHD/W7 | |
| trochee | n | long/stressed followed by short/unstressed syllable | AHD/W7 | |
| trochisk | n | medicinal tablet/lozenge | AHD/W7 | |
| trochlea | n | anatomical structure resembling pulley | AHD/W7 | |
| trochophore | n | free-swimming ciliate larva | AHD/W7 | |
| truck | n | small wheel | AHD/W7 | |
| truck | vb | to swap, give in exchange | AHD/W7 | |
| truckle | n | caster, pulley, small wheel | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | trochaeus | n.masc | trochee | W7 |
| trochlea | n.fem | block of pulleys | W7 | |
| trochus | n.masc | iron hoop | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | trochiscus | n.masc | wheel | W7 |
| New Latin: | trochlea | n.fem | an anatomical structure resembling a pulley | W7 |
| Old French: | troquer | vb | to exchange | W7 |
| French: | trochée | n.fem | trochee | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | προτρέχω | vb | to outrun | LRC |
| τρέχω | vb | to run | LRC | |
| trochaios | adj | running | W7 | |
| trochantēr | n.masc | organ/instrument for running | W7 | |
| trochē | n.fem | run, course | W7 | |
| trochileia | n.fem | trochlea | W7 | |
| τροχιός | adj | round | RPN | |
| trochiskos | n.masc.dim | small wheel | W7 | |
| τρόχος | n | a running course | RPN | |
| τροχός | n | wheel | RPN | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | durgn | n | potter's wheel | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
