Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhreibh- 'to drive, push, thrust'
Semantic Field(s): to Drive, to Push, Shove
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | drāf | n.fem | drove | ASD/W7 |
| drīfan, drȳfan | vb.str.I | to drive | ASD/GED | |
| ge-drif | n.neut | something driven off | GED | |
| Northumbrian: | drīfa | vb.str | to drive | LRC |
| Middle English: | drift | n | drift | W7 |
| driven | vb | to drive | W7 | |
| drove | n | drove | W7 | |
| English: | drift | n | act/result of driving something along | AHD/W7 |
| drive, drove, driven | vb.str | to move rapidly, impart forward motion via physical force | AHD/W7 | |
| drove | n | animals driven/moving together | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | drīva | vb.str.I | to drive | GED |
| Frisian: | drieuwen | vb | to drive, force | ASD |
| Dutch: | drijven | vb | to drive, force | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | drīƀan | vb.str.I | to drive | GED |
| Old High German: | trīban | vb.str.I | to drive | GED |
| Middle High German: | trīben | vb | to drive, force | ASD |
| trift | n.str.fem | drift, driving snow | GED | |
| German: | treiben | vb | to drive, force | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | drífa | vb | to drive, rush; to crowd, throng | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | drīf | n.neut | something driven off | GED |
| drīfa, drift | n.fem | drift, driving snow | GED | |
| Icelandic: | drif | n | driven snow | ASD |
| drīfa | vb | to drive, force | ASD | |
| Danish: | drive | vb | to drive, force | ASD |
| Swedish: | drifva | vb | to drive, force | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *dreiban | vb.str.I | to drive | GED |
| *us-dreiban | vb.str.I | to drive out | GED | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | drìbti | vb | to fall down (in flakes) | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |