Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhreu- 'to grind, crumble'
Semantic Field(s): to Grind
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bedrēosan, bedrēas, bedruron, bedroren | vb.str.II | to bereave, deprive of | LRC |
| drēor | n.masc | blood, gore | ASD/W7 | |
| drēorig | adj/adv | sad, bloody, dreary; sadly, bloodily | LRC | |
| dropa | n.masc | drop | ASD/W7 | |
| dryppan | vb | to drip | W7 | |
| -drysnian | sfx | to disappear | W7 | |
| Middle English: | drery | adj | dreary | W7 |
| drippen | vb | to drip | W7 | |
| drop | n | drop | W7 | |
| drupen | vb | to droop | W7 | |
| drysnen | vb | to fall | W7 | |
| English: | dreary | adj | sad, doleful | AHD/W7 |
| drip | vb | to (allow to) fall in drops | AHD/W7 | |
| drizzle | vb | to sprinkle, rain lightly/in small drops | AHD/W7 | |
| droop | vb | to hang/incline downward | AHD/W7 | |
| drop | n | quantity of fluid falling in spherical mass | AHD/W7 | |
| drowse | vb | to fall into light slumber | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dropta | n | dropping | ASD |
| Dutch: | drop | n.masc | drop | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | dropo | n.masc | drop | ASD |
| drōr | n.masc | blood, gore | ASD | |
| Old High German: | tro(p)fo | n.masc | drop | ASD |
| trōr | n | blood, gore | ASD | |
| trūrēn | vb | to be sad | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | tropfe | n.masc | drop | ASD |
| trōr | n.masc | blood, dripping | ASD | |
| German: | Tropfen | n.masc | drop | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | drūpa | vb | to droop | W7 |
| Icelandic: | dreyri, dröri | n.masc | blood, gore | ASD |
| dropi | n.masc | drop | ASD | |
| Danish: | draabe | n.masc/fem | drop | ASD |
| dryp | n.neut | drop | ASD | |
| Swedish: | droppe | n.masc | drop | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | driusan | vb.str | to fall | GED/W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
