Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhu̯ē̆r-, dhu̯ō̆r-, dhur-, dhu̯r̥- 'door'
Semantic Field(s): Door, Gate
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | dor | n | door | GED |
| Dorchū | prop.n | Doorway-dog | GED | |
| dorus | n | door | LRC | |
| Old Cornish: | dor | n | door | GED |
| Welsh: | dor | n | door | GED |
| Gaulish: | duros | n | door | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dor | n | doorway, gate | W7 |
| duru, dūru | n.fem | door | ASD | |
| duru-weard | n.str.masc | door-keeper | GED | |
| Middle English: | dor | n | door | W7 |
| dure | n | door | W7 | |
| forclosen | vb | to foreclose | W7 | |
| forein | adj | foreign | W7 | |
| forest | n | forest | W7 | |
| English: | afforest | vb.trans | to establish forest cover | AHD/W7 |
| door | n | swinging/sliding barrier by which entry is opened/closed | AHD/W7 | |
| durbar | n | court held by native Indian prince | AHD/W7 | |
| farouche | adj | marked by shyness/lack of polish | AHD/W7 | |
| foreclose | vb | to debar, shut out | AHD/W7 | |
| foreign | adj | located outside area/country | AHD/W7 | |
| forensic | adj | used in/suitable to/belonging to court | AHD/W7 | |
| forest | n | tract of wooded land | AHD/W7 | |
| forum | n | public/market-place of ancient Roman city used for judicial/public business | AHD/W7 | |
| thyroid | adj | re: large endocrine gland in craniate vertebrates | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dore, dure | n | door | GED |
| Frisian: | doar(e) | n | door | ASD |
| Dutch: | deur | n | door | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | dor | n.neut | doorway | ASD/GED |
| dura, duri | n.str.fem | door | GED | |
| Old High German: | tor | n.str.neut | doorway, gate | GED |
| tor-warto | n.wk.masc | door-keeper | GED | |
| tura, turi | n.str.fem | door | GED | |
| German: | Thor | n.neut | gate | ASD |
| Thüre, Tür | n.fem | door | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | dyrr | n.fem | doorway | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | dyrr | n.fem | doorway | GED |
| Icelandic: | dyrr | n.fem | door | ASD |
| Danish: | dør | n.neut | door | ASD |
| Swedish: | dörr | n.fem | door | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | auga-dauro | n.neut | window, lit. eye-door | GED |
| daur, daūr(o) | n.fem/neut | door(way) | ASD/GED | |
| daurons | n | vestibule | GED | |
| faura-dauri | n.neut | street | GED | |
| Crimean Gothic: | *þur, thurn | n | door, gate | CGo/GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | forās | adv | forth, outward, outdoors | LRC |
| forensis | adj | public, forensic | W7 | |
| foris, foris | n.fem | door; [pl.] gate | GED | |
| forīs | adv | outside | GED | |
| forum | n.neut | public place | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | foranus | adj | (on the) outside | W7 |
| forasticus | adj | belonging outside | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | afforesto, afforestare | vb | to plant a forest | W7 |
| forestis | n.fem | forest | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | fora | adv | out, outside | TLL |
| Spanish: | fuera | adv | out, outside | TLL |
| Old French: | forclore, forclos- | vb | to lock outside | W7 |
| forein | adj | foreign | W7 | |
| fors | adv | outside | W7 | |
| French: | farouche | adj | beast afraid of mankind | W7 |
| hors | adv | out, outside | TLL | |
| Italian: | fuori | adv | out, outside | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | dauris | n | door | GED |
| Old Lithuanian: | dures | n | gate | GED |
| Lithuanian: | dùrys | n | door | LRC |
| Latvian: | duris, dùrvis | n | door | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | dvĭrĭ | n | door | LRC |
| dvorъ | n | court | GED | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | derë | n | door | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | θύρα | n.fem | door | LRC |
| Greek: | θύρα-ζε | adv | toward the outside | GED |
| thyreoeidēs | adj | shield-shaped, thyroid | W7 | |
| thyreos | n.masc | door-shaped shield | W7 | |
| θυρών | n | vestibule | GED | |
| πρόθυρον | n | porch | GED | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | andurza | adv | within | GED |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | duṙn | n | door, gate, court | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | duva-rayā | adv | at court | GED |
| Persian: | dar | n | door | W7 |
| darbār | n | court held by prince | W7 | |
| Avestan: | dvarəm | n | gate | GED |
| dvar̥m | n | gate, yard | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dvāra | n.neut | door | ASD |
| dvā́r- | n.fem | door, gate | ASD/GED | |
| Hindi: | darbār | n | court held by prince | W7 |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | twere | n | door | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
