Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: dhu̯ergh- : drugh- 'crippled, dwarf-like, low in stature'
Semantic Field(s): Weak, Infirm, Crooked, Short
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | dweorg, dweorh | n.masc | dwarf | CDC |
| Middle English: | dwarf, dwerf | n | dwarf | CDC |
| English: | dwarf, dwarves | n | abnormally/atypically small individual(s) | CDC |
| Dwarrowdelf | prop.n | a.k.a. Khazad-dum in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dwirg | n | dwarf | ASD |
| Frisian: | dwirg | n | dwarf | ASD |
| Dutch: | dwerg | n.masc/fem | dwarf | ASD/CDC |
| Middle Low German: | dwarch, dwark, dwerch | n | dwarf | CDC |
| Old High German: | twerg | n.masc | dwarf | ASD/CDC |
| Middle High German: | twerc, querch, zwerch | n.neut | dwarf | ASD/CDC |
| German: | Zwerg | n.masc | dwarf, pygmy | CDC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | dvergr, dvergar | n.masc | dwarf, dwarves | LRC |
| Icelandic: | dvergr | n.masc | dwarf | ASD |
| Danish: | dverg, dværg | n.masc/fem | dwarf | ASD/CDC |
| Swedish: | dverg | n.masc | dwarf | ASD/CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
