Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ēik- 'to own, possess, be capable'
Semantic Field(s): to Own, Possess
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | icht | n | race, descendants | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ǣgen, āgen | adj | own, proper, peculiar | LRC |
| ǣht | n.str.fem | property | GED | |
| āgan, āh, āgon, āhte | vb.ptpr.I | to own, possess | LRC | |
| āgnian, āhnian | vb.wk | to acquire, possess | ASD/GED | |
| Middle English: | fraught | n | fraught, freight | W7 |
| fraughten | vb | to fraught, freight | W7 | |
| freight | n | freight | W7 | |
| oughte | vb.aux | ought | W7 | |
| owen | vb | to owe, own | W7 | |
| English: | fraught | adj.arch | freighted | AHD/W7 |
| freight | n | payment for transport of goods | AHD/W7 | |
| freight | vb.trans | to load/transport (cargo) | W7 | |
| ought | vb.aux | to be morally obliged | AHD/W7 | |
| owe | vb | to own, possess | AHD/W7 | |
| own | adj | belonging to self | AHD/W7 | |
| own | vb | to possess | LRC | |
| Scots English: | fraught | n | freight, load, cargo | AHD/W7 |
| fraught | vb.trans | to freight | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | āga | vb.ptpr.I | to own, possess | GED |
| ē(g)in, ain, e(i)gen | adj | own | ASD/GED | |
| Middle Dutch: | vracht | n | freight | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | ēgan | adj | own | GED |
| ēgan | n.str.neut | property, possessions | GED | |
| ēgan | vb.ptpr.I | to own, possess | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | vrecht | n | freight | W7 |
| Old High German: | ēht | n.str.fem | property | GED |
| eigan, eikan | adj | own | ASD/GED | |
| eigan | n.str.neut | property, possessions | GED | |
| eigan | vb.ptpr.I | to own, possess | GED | |
| eiginēn | vb.wk | to take possession of | GED | |
| Middle High German: | eigen | adj | own | ASD |
| German: | eigen | adj | own | LRC |
| eignen | vb | to be suited for | LRC | |
| Fracht | n.fem | freight | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | átt, ætt | n.str.fem | region, direction; tribe, family, ancestry | ASD |
| eiga | vb.ptpr.I | to own, have, possess | LRC | |
| eigin(n) | adj | own | ASD/W7 | |
| eigna, eignað | vb.wk | to dedicate, take possession | LRC | |
| eignask | vb | to gain possession, get for oneself | LRC | |
| eigu | n.fem | possession | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | ātt | n.str.fem | race, descendants | GED |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *aigan | vb | to have | GED |
| aigin | n.neut | property | GED | |
| áihts | n.str.fem | property, possession | LRC | |
| fair-aigan | vb | to partake (of) | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | istъ | adj | true, genuine | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | ise | vb | to have power over | GED |
| īšti- | n | riches, property | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | īśe, īṣṭe | vb | to own, possess | GED |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | aiśaumye | n | learned person | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| arch | = | archaic |
| aux | = | auxiliary |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptpr | = | preterite-present (verb) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
