Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. eis- 'to move rapidly/violently'
Semantic Field(s): to Move, Fast, Swift, Quick
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | īren, īse(r)n | n.neut | iron, implement made thereof | ASD |
| ofost, ōf(o)st, ōfest | n.fem | zeal, haste | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | gisarme | n | gisarme | W7 |
| iron | n | iron | W7 | |
| English: | estrogen | n | sex hormone promoting estrus (etc.) in female | AHD/W7 |
| estrone | n | estrogenic hormone | AHD/W7 | |
| estrus | n | heat, regularly recurrent state during which female mammal is able to conceive | AHD/W7 | |
| gisarme | n | weapon on long staff carried by medieval foot soldiers | AHD/W7 | |
| hierarch | n | religious leader in position of authority | AHD/W7 | |
| hierarchy | n | (body of) persons with authority | AHD | |
| hieratic | adj | re: ancient Egyptian cursive writing (simpler than hieroglyphic) | AHD/W7 | |
| hier(o)- | pfx | holy, sacred | AHD | |
| hierodule | n | temple slave (in ancient Greece) | AHD | |
| Irensaga | prop.n | mountain in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| iron | n | heavy magnetic ductile/malleable metal | AHD/W7 | |
| Isen | prop.n | river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Isengard | prop.n | Saruman's fortress in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Isengrim | prop.n | hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| spiegeleisen | n | variety of pig iron | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | īsern | n | iron (implement) | ASD |
| Dutch: | ijzer | n | iron | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | īsarn | n | iron (implement) | ASD |
| Old Low German: | īsarn | n | iron, steel | ASD |
| Old High German: | īsarn, īsen | n | iron (implement) | ASD/W7 |
| German: | Eisen | n | iron (implement) | W7 |
| eisern | adj | of iron | LRC | |
| Spiegeleisen | n | spiegeleisen | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | īsarn | n | iron (implement) | IEW |
| Icelandic: | járn, īsarn | n | iron (implement) | ASD |
| Danish: | jern | n | iron (implement) | ASD |
| Swedish: | järn | n | iron (implement) | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | eisarn | n | iron, iron fetter | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | hieraticus | adj | hieratic, sacerdotal | W7 |
| oestrus | n.masc | estrus, frenzy, gadfly | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | hierarcha | n.masc | hierarch | W7 |
| New Latin: | estrus | n.masc | estrus | W7 |
| Middle French: | hierarche | n.masc | hierarch | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | hierarchēs | n.masc | priest, hierarch | W7 |
| hieratikos | adj | hieratic, re: priests | W7 | |
| ἱερόν | n.neut | temple | LRC | |
| ἱερός | adj | holy, sacred | LRC | |
| οἶμαι | vb.dep | to think | LRC | |
| οἴομαι | vb | to think, imagine | LRC | |
| oistros | n.masc | estrus, frenzy, gadfly | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
