Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. el-, ol-, el- 'red, brown'
Semantic Field(s): Red
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | alor, aler, air | n.masc | alder | ASD/W7 |
ellærn | n | elder | W7 | |
eolh | n.masc | elk; (name for) X-rune | ASD/W7 | |
lamb | n.neut | lamb | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | alder | n | alder | W7 |
eldre | n | elder | W7 | |
elk | n | elk | W7 | |
elm | n | elm | W7 | |
lamb | n | lamb | W7 | |
English: | alder | n | toothed-leaved tree/shrub in birch family | AHD/W7 |
auk | n | black/white short-necked seabird of northern hemisphere | AHD/W7 | |
elder | n | tree/shrub in honeysuckle family | AHD/W7 | |
elk | n | large deer | AHD/W7 | |
elm | n | large tree: alternate stipulate leaves, small apetalous flowers | AHD/W7 | |
lamb | n | baby sheep | TLL | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | else | n.fem | alder | ASD |
lam | n | lamb | TLL | |
olm | n | elm | TLL | |
Old High German: | elaho | n | elk | W7 |
elira, erila | n.fem | alder | ASD/W7 | |
elme | n | elm | W7 | |
lamb | n | lamb | KDW | |
Middle High German: | elch | n | elk | ASD |
German: | Elch | n.masc | elk | LRC |
Eller | n | alder | ASD | |
Erle | n.fem | alder | ASD | |
Lamm | n.neut | lamb | TLL | |
Ulme | n.fem | elm | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Runic: | algiz | n | elk; (name for) Z-rune | LRC |
Old Norse: | ālka | n | swan | W7 |
elgr | n | elk | ASD | |
elri | n.neut | alder | ASD | |
elrir, ölr | n.masc | alder | ASD | |
lamb | n | lamb | KNW | |
Icelandic: | alk(a) | n | swan | W7 |
Norwegian: | alk | n | auk | AHD |
Danish: | alk | n | auk | CDC |
elm | n | elm | TLL | |
lam | n | lamb | TLL | |
Swedish: | alka | n | auk | CDC |
alm | n | elm | TLL | |
lamm | n | lamb | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | lamb | n | lamb | KGW |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | alces | n | elk | ASD |
alnus | n.fem | alder | W7 | |
olor | n.masc | swan | W7 | |
ulmus | n.fem | elm | W7 | |
New Latin: | Alca | n | auk | CDC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | elaphos | n.masc | deer | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |