Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. el-, ol-, el- 'red, brown'
Semantic Field(s): Red
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | alor, aler, air | n.masc | alder | ASD/W7 |
| ellærn | n | elder | W7 | |
| eolh | n.masc | elk; (name for) X-rune | ASD/W7 | |
| lamb | n.neut | lamb | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | alder | n | alder | W7 |
| eldre | n | elder | W7 | |
| elk | n | elk | W7 | |
| elm | n | elm | W7 | |
| lamb | n | lamb | W7 | |
| English: | alder | n | toothed-leaved tree/shrub in birch family | AHD/W7 |
| auk | n | black/white short-necked seabird of northern hemisphere | AHD/W7 | |
| elder | n | tree/shrub in honeysuckle family | AHD/W7 | |
| elk | n | large deer | AHD/W7 | |
| elm | n | large tree: alternate stipulate leaves, small apetalous flowers | AHD/W7 | |
| lamb | n | baby sheep | TLL | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | else | n.fem | alder | ASD |
| lam | n | lamb | TLL | |
| olm | n | elm | TLL | |
| Old High German: | elaho | n | elk | W7 |
| elira, erila | n.fem | alder | ASD/W7 | |
| elme | n | elm | W7 | |
| lamb | n | lamb | KDW | |
| Middle High German: | elch | n | elk | ASD |
| German: | Elch | n.masc | elk | LRC |
| Eller | n | alder | ASD | |
| Erle | n.fem | alder | ASD | |
| Lamm | n.neut | lamb | TLL | |
| Ulme | n.fem | elm | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | algiz | n | elk; (name for) Z-rune | LRC |
| Old Norse: | ālka | n | swan | W7 |
| elgr | n | elk | ASD | |
| elri | n.neut | alder | ASD | |
| elrir, ölr | n.masc | alder | ASD | |
| lamb | n | lamb | KNW | |
| Icelandic: | alk(a) | n | swan | W7 |
| Norwegian: | alk | n | auk | AHD |
| Danish: | alk | n | auk | CDC |
| elm | n | elm | TLL | |
| lam | n | lamb | TLL | |
| Swedish: | alka | n | auk | CDC |
| alm | n | elm | TLL | |
| lamm | n | lamb | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | lamb | n | lamb | KGW |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | alces | n | elk | ASD |
| alnus | n.fem | alder | W7 | |
| olor | n.masc | swan | W7 | |
| ulmus | n.fem | elm | W7 | |
| New Latin: | Alca | n | auk | CDC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | elaphos | n.masc | deer | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
