Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ek̑u̯o-s 'horse'
Semantic Field(s): Horse (generic)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | ech | n | horse | LRC |
| Welsh: | ebol | n | foal | GED |
| Gaulish: | epo- | n.afx | horse | GED |
| Epona | prop.n | lit. horse-goddess | GED | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | eoh | n.str.masc | horse; (name for) E-rune | GED |
| ēored, ēorod | n.neut | cavalry band/troop, lit. horse-ride(rs) | ASD | |
| English: | eohippus | n | small 4-toed Lower Eocene horse of N. America | AHD/W7 |
| Éomer | prop.n | Eastmark marshal/hero in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Éomund | prop.n | chief marshal in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Éored | prop.n | cavalry unit in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Éothain | prop.n | horse-thane in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Éothéod | prop.n | Eorl's descendants in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Éowyn | prop.n | Rohan shield-maiden heroine in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| equestrian | adj | re: horseback riding | AHD/W7 | |
| equine | adj | re: horse | AHD/W7 | |
| equitant | adj | overlapping transversely at base | AHD/W7 | |
| equitation | n | riding on horseback | AHD/W7 | |
| hippocampus | n | curved elongated ridge in lateral ventricle of brain | AHD/W7 | |
| Hippocrene | prop.n | fountain on Mt. Helicon sacred to the Muses (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| hippodrome | n | oval stadium for horse/chariot races | AHD/W7 | |
| hippogriff | n | legendary animal, lit. horse-griffin | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | ehu- | n.afx | horse | GED |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *ehwaz | n | horse; (name for) E-rune | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | jōr | n.str.masc | horse | GED |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | aíƕa- | n | horse | LRC |
| *aiƕa-tundi | n.fem | bramble, prickly bush, lit. horse-thorn | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | equa | n.fem | mare | GED |
| eques, equitis | n.masc | horseman, knight | LRC | |
| equester | adj | of a horseman | W7 | |
| equinus | adj | of a horse | W7 | |
| equito, equitare | vb | to ride on horseback | W7 | |
| equus | n.masc | horse | GED | |
| hippo- | pfx | horse | W7 | |
| Hippocrene | n.fem | Hippocrene | W7 | |
| hippodromos | n.masc | hippodrome | W7 | |
| New Latin: | eohippus | n.masc | eohippus | W7 |
| hippocampus | n.masc | hippocampus | W7 | |
| Middle French: | hippodrome | n.masc | hippodrome | W7 |
| French: | hippogriffe | n.masc | hippogriff | W7 |
| Italian: | ippo- | pfx | horse | W7 |
| ippogrifo | n.masc | hippogriff | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | ašvà | n.fem | mare | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Mycenaean: | ιθο | n | horse | LRC |
| Greek: | ἱππεύς | n.masc | horseman | LRC |
| hippodromos | n.masc | hippodrome | W7 | |
| hippokampos | n.masc | sea horse | W7 | |
| Hippokrēnē | prop.n.fem | Hippocrene | W7 | |
| ἵππος | n.masc | horse | LRC | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | á-sù-wa | n | horse | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | asa- | n.afx | horse | LRC |
| aspa- | n.afx | horse | GED | |
| Avestan: | aspō, aspa- | n/afx | horse | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | áśvas | n | horse | GED |
| áśvā | n | mare | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | yakwe | n | horse | LRC |
| Tocharian A: | yuk | n | horse | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| afx | = | affix |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
