Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: e-neu̯en, neu̯n̥, enu̯n̥ 'nine'
Semantic Field(s): Number
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | noī | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
nōmad | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
Irish: | naoi | nbr.card | nine (9) | LRC |
Scots Gaelic: | naoi | nbr.card | nine (9) | LRC |
Manx: | nuy | nbr.card | nine (9) | LRC |
Middle Welsh: | naw | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
nawuet | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
Gaulish: | namet | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
English | ||||
Old English: | hundnigontig | nbr.card | hundred ninety (190) | W7 |
nigon | nbr.card | nine (9) | W7 | |
nigontīene | nbr.card | nineteen (19) | ASD/W7 | |
nigontig | nbr.card | ninety (90) | W7 | |
nigoða | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
nōn | n.neut | noon, none | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | nine, nyne | adj | nine (9) | W7 |
ninety | nbr.card | ninety (90) | W7 | |
nonys | n.pl | nones | W7 | |
noon | n | noon | W7 | |
Novembre | prop.n | November | W7 | |
nynetene | nbr.card | nineteen (19) | W7 | |
English: | ennead | n | nine | AHD/W7 |
nine | nbr.card | 9 | AHD/W7 | |
nineteen | nbr.card | 19 | AHD/W7 | |
ninety | nbr.card | 90 | AHD/W7 | |
ninth | nbr.ord | 9th | AHD | |
nonagenarian | n | person in his/her nineties | AHD/W7 | |
nonagon | n | polygon of nine sides/angles | AHD/W7 | |
none | n | ninth hour from sunrise | W7 | |
nones | n.pl | 9th day before Ides of month | AHD/W7 | |
noon | n | midday, middle of day | AHD/W7 | |
November | prop.n | 11th month (in Gregorian calendar) | AHD/W7 | |
novena | n | nine-day devotion (Roman Catholicism) | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | nigun | nbr.card | nine (9) | ASD |
Old Saxon: | nigun | nbr.card | nine (9) | ASD |
nōn, nuon | n | noon, none | ASD | |
Old High German: | niun | nbr.card | nine (9) | W7 |
niunte, niunto | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
German: | neun | nbr.card | nine | LRC |
neunzehn | nbr.card | nineteen | LRC | |
neunzig | nbr.card | ninety | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | niundi, niunde | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
nīu, nío | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE | |
Icelandic: | níu | nbr.card | nine (9) | ASD |
nōn | n.neut | none | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | niun | nbr.card | nine (9) | ASD |
niunda | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
Crimean Gothic: | nyne | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | nona | n.fem | none | W7 |
nonae | n.fem.pl | nones, 5th day of month | W7 | |
nōnus | adj | ninth (9th) | W7 | |
novem | nbr.card | nine (9) | W7 | |
November | prop.n.masc | November, ninth month (in Roman calendar) | W7 | |
novenus | adj | nine each | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | novena | n.fem | novena | W7 |
Portuguese: | nove | num.card | nine (9) | TLL |
Spanish: | nueve | num.card | nine (9) | TLL |
Old French: | Novembre | prop.n.masc | November | W7 |
French: | neuf | num.card | nine (9) | TLL |
Italian: | nove | num.card | nine (9) | TLL |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | newīnts | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
Lithuanian: | deviñtas | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
devynì | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE | |
Latvian: | devini | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
devîtais | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | devętĭ | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
devętŭ | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
Russian: | dévjatĭ | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
devjátyj | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | nëndë, nëntë | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
nëndë, nëntë | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
Gheg: | nândë, nântë | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ἔνατος | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
ἐννέα | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE | |
enneas | n.fem | group of nine | W7 | |
Anatolian | ||||
Lycian: | nuñ- | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | inn | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | naoma- | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
nava | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | náva | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
navamá- | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | ñu | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
ñunte | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
Tocharian A: | ñu | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
card | = | cardinal |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
nbr | = | number |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
num | = | numeral |
ord | = | ordinal |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |