Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: e-neu̯en, neu̯n̥, enu̯n̥ 'nine'
Semantic Field(s): Number
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | noī | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| nōmad | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| Irish: | naoi | nbr.card | nine (9) | LRC |
| Scots Gaelic: | naoi | nbr.card | nine (9) | LRC |
| Manx: | nuy | nbr.card | nine (9) | LRC |
| Middle Welsh: | naw | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| nawuet | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| Gaulish: | namet | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hundnigontig | nbr.card | hundred ninety (190) | W7 |
| nigon | nbr.card | nine (9) | W7 | |
| nigontīene | nbr.card | nineteen (19) | ASD/W7 | |
| nigontig | nbr.card | ninety (90) | W7 | |
| nigoða | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| nōn | n.neut | noon, none | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | nine, nyne | adj | nine (9) | W7 |
| ninety | nbr.card | ninety (90) | W7 | |
| nonys | n.pl | nones | W7 | |
| noon | n | noon | W7 | |
| Novembre | prop.n | November | W7 | |
| nynetene | nbr.card | nineteen (19) | W7 | |
| English: | ennead | n | nine | AHD/W7 |
| nine | nbr.card | 9 | AHD/W7 | |
| nineteen | nbr.card | 19 | AHD/W7 | |
| ninety | nbr.card | 90 | AHD/W7 | |
| ninth | nbr.ord | 9th | AHD | |
| nonagenarian | n | person in his/her nineties | AHD/W7 | |
| nonagon | n | polygon of nine sides/angles | AHD/W7 | |
| none | n | ninth hour from sunrise | W7 | |
| nones | n.pl | 9th day before Ides of month | AHD/W7 | |
| noon | n | midday, middle of day | AHD/W7 | |
| November | prop.n | 11th month (in Gregorian calendar) | AHD/W7 | |
| novena | n | nine-day devotion (Roman Catholicism) | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | nigun | nbr.card | nine (9) | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | nigun | nbr.card | nine (9) | ASD |
| nōn, nuon | n | noon, none | ASD | |
| Old High German: | niun | nbr.card | nine (9) | W7 |
| niunte, niunto | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| German: | neun | nbr.card | nine | LRC |
| neunzehn | nbr.card | nineteen | LRC | |
| neunzig | nbr.card | ninety | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | niundi, niunde | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
| nīu, nío | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE | |
| Icelandic: | níu | nbr.card | nine (9) | ASD |
| nōn | n.neut | none | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | niun | nbr.card | nine (9) | ASD |
| niunda | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| Crimean Gothic: | nyne | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | nona | n.fem | none | W7 |
| nonae | n.fem.pl | nones, 5th day of month | W7 | |
| nōnus | adj | ninth (9th) | W7 | |
| novem | nbr.card | nine (9) | W7 | |
| November | prop.n.masc | November, ninth month (in Roman calendar) | W7 | |
| novenus | adj | nine each | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | novena | n.fem | novena | W7 |
| Portuguese: | nove | num.card | nine (9) | TLL |
| Spanish: | nueve | num.card | nine (9) | TLL |
| Old French: | Novembre | prop.n.masc | November | W7 |
| French: | neuf | num.card | nine (9) | TLL |
| Italian: | nove | num.card | nine (9) | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | newīnts | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
| Lithuanian: | deviñtas | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
| devynì | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE | |
| Latvian: | devini | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| devîtais | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | devętĭ | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| devętŭ | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| Russian: | dévjatĭ | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| devjátyj | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | nëndë, nëntë | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| nëndë, nëntë | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| Gheg: | nândë, nântë | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἔνατος | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
| ἐννέα | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE | |
| enneas | n.fem | group of nine | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Lycian: | nuñ- | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | inn | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | naoma- | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE |
| nava | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | náva | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| navamá- | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ñu | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
| ñunte | nbr.ord | ninth (9th) | EIE | |
| Tocharian A: | ñu | nbr.card | nine (9) | EIE |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| card | = | cardinal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| num | = | numeral |
| ord | = | ordinal |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |