Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. er- : or- : r- 'to move, set in motion'
Semantic Field(s): to Move
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | renn | adj | rapid | GED |
| rīan | n | sea | GED | |
| Gaulish: | Rēnos | prop.n | Rhine river | GED |
| rēnos | n | river | AHD | |
| rhynn | adj | fast; alive; agitated | LRC | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ærnan | vb.wk | to cause to run | GED |
| a-rǣman | vb.wk | to raise, elevate, lift up | ASD/IEW | |
| arīsan, arās, arison, arisen | vb.str | to arise | ASD/W7 | |
| arod | adj | quick, swift; ready, prepared | ASD | |
| earon | vb.anom.3.pl | are | LRC | |
| eart | vb.anom.2.sg | art | W7 | |
| earu | adj | quick, swift; ready, prepared | IEW | |
| earun | vb.anom.pl | are | W7 | |
| eorl | n.masc | earl, warrior | LRC | |
| eorl-scipe, eorl-scype | n.indec.masc | nobility, heroic deeds | ASD | |
| eornost | n | earnest; duel, battle | GED | |
| gerennan | vb | to cause to coagulate | W7 | |
| iernan, iornan | vb.str | to run, flow | GED | |
| irnan, arn, urnon, urnen | vb.str | to run, flow | ASD | |
| rǣran | n | rear | W7 | |
| rennan | vb | to cause to run | W7 | |
| rinnan, rann, runnon, runnen | vb.str | to run, flow | ASD/GED | |
| rīsan, rās, rison, risen | vb.str | to rise | ASD/W7 | |
| rīð | n.masc | rill, brook, rivulet | GED | |
| ryne | n.masc | run, stream | GED | |
| rynel | n | runnel | W7 | |
| Northumbrian: | aron | vb.anom.3.pl | are | AHD |
| arrīsa | vb.intrans | to arise | CDC | |
| art(h) | vb.anom.2.sg | art | CDC | |
| Middle English: | are | vb.anom.pl | are | LRC |
| arisen | vb | to arise | W7 | |
| art, ert | vb.anom.2.sg | art | CDC/W7 | |
| deriven | vb | to derive | W7 | |
| erl | n | earl | W7 | |
| ernest | n | earnest | W7 | |
| orient | n | orient | W7 | |
| origine | n | origin | W7 | |
| raisen | vb | to raise | W7 | |
| rennen | vb | to cause to coagulate | W7 | |
| rennet | n | rennet | W7 | |
| reren | vb | to rear | W7 | |
| rinel | n | runnel | W7 | |
| rinnen, ronnen | vb | to run | W7 | |
| risen | vb | to rise | W7 | |
| romen | vb | to roam | W7 | |
| English: | abort | vb | to bring forth premature/stillborn offspring | AHD/W7 |
| are | vb.anom.2.sg | (thou) be | AHD/W7 | |
| are | vb.anom.pl | (we/you/they) be | AHD/W7 | |
| arise, arose, arisen | vb.str.intrans | to rise, get up | AHD/W7 | |
| Arod | prop.n | Legolas' horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| art | vb.anom.arch.2.sg | (thou) are | AHD/W7 | |
| derive | vb | to take/receive, esp. from specified source | AHD/W7 | |
| Dimrill | prop.n | high pass in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| earl | n | nobleman | LRC | |
| earnest | n | intent/serious mental state | AHD/W7 | |
| Eorl | prop.n | 1st Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Eorlingas | prop.n | a.k.a. Rohirrim in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Gilrain | prop.n | Gondor river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| hormogonium | n | portion of cyanobacterium filament | AHD | |
| hormone | n | biological product circulating in sap/body fluid stimulating cell activity | AHD/W7 | |
| orient | n | the east, eastern lands/regions | AHD/W7 | |
| orient | vb.trans | to cause to face/point east | AHD/W7 | |
| oriental | adj | eastern, re: orient | W7 | |
| origin | n | parentage, ancestry | AHD/W7 | |
| original | adj | first, preceding all others | AHD | |
| raise | vb | to cause/help to rise to upright position | AHD/W7 | |
| rear | vb | to construct, erect by building | AHD/W7 | |
| rennet | n | stomach contents of unweaned animal | AHD/W7 | |
| Rhine | prop.n | major European transportation river | LRC | |
| rill | n | very small brook | AHD/W7 | |
| rill | n | channel made by small stream | AHD/W7 | |
| rise, rose, risen | vb.str.intrans | to assume upright position | AHD/W7 | |
| rival | n | one striving to reach/obtain something that only one can possess | AHD/W7 | |
| rivulet | n | brook, small stream | AHD/W7 | |
| roam | vb | to wander, go without direction | IEW/W7 | |
| run, ran, run | vb.str | to move on foot faster than walking speed | AHD/W7 | |
| run | n | creek, stream | GED | |
| runnel | n | streamlet, rivulet | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | blōd-rene | n | run, course | ASD |
| renna | vb.wk | to cause to run | GED | |
| rinna | vb.str | to run, flow | GED | |
| rīsa | vb | to rise | ASD | |
| run | n.masc | run, stream | GED | |
| Frisian: | ril | n | rill | OED |
| Dutch: | Rijn | prop.n | Rhine river | LRC |
| ril | n | rill | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | erl | n.masc | earl, man, male offspring | ASD |
| rennian | vb.wk | to cause to run | GED | |
| rīð | n.masc | brook | GED | |
| rinnan | vb.str | to run, flow | GED | |
| rīsan | vb | to rise | ASD | |
| Low German: | rille | n | rill | W7 |
| Old High German: | ar-rīsan | vb.intrans | to arise | CDC |
| ernust | n.str | earnest, firmness | GED | |
| ir-rīsan | vb.intrans | to arise | CDC | |
| rennan | vb.wk | to cause to run | GED | |
| rinnan | vb.str | to run, flow | GED | |
| rīsan | vb | to rise | W7 | |
| rōr(a) | n | reed, cane | KDW | |
| run | n.masc | run, stream | GED | |
| ur-rīsan | vb.intrans | to arise | CDC | |
| Middle High German: | ernest | n.str.masc | earnest; battle | GED |
| German: | Ernst | n.masc | earnest | LRC |
| rennen | vb | to run | LRC | |
| Rhein | prop.n | Rhine river | LRC | |
| Rille | n.fem | rill | W7 | |
| rinnen | vb | to flow, run | LRC | |
| Rohr | n.neut | reed, cane, pipe, tube, duct | LRC | |
| Röhre | n.fem | pipe; canal, channel, conduit | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | ert | vb.pres.2.sg | thou art | W7 |
| eru | vb.pres.3.pl | they are | W7 | |
| erum | vb.pres.1.pl | we are | W7 | |
| jarl | n.masc | earl, free-born man, gentleman | LRC | |
| reisa(t) | vb | to raise, set up | LRC | |
| renna | vb.wk | to cause to run | LRC | |
| reyrr | n | reed | LRC | |
| rinna | vb.str | to run | LRC | |
| ördugr, örðigr | adj | quick, swift; ready, prepared | ASD | |
| Old Icelandic: | ern | adj | able, energetic | GED |
| rinna | vb.str | to run, flow | GED | |
| runi | n.masc | run, stream | GED | |
| Icelandic: | earl, jarl | n.masc | earl, chief, warrior, gentleman | ASD |
| renna, rinna | vb | to run, flow | ASD | |
| rīsa | vb | to rise | ASD | |
| runi | n | flux, stream | ASD | |
| Danish: | er | vb.anom | am/are/is, are | TLL |
| rør | n | pipe | TLL | |
| Swedish: | rör | n | pipe | TLL |
| är | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | TLL | |
| äro | vb.anom.pl | are | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *and-rinnan | vb.str.V | to debate, dispute, discuss | GED |
| arniba | adv | certain | GED | |
| *at-rinnan | vb.str.V | to run, come up | GED | |
| *bi-rinnan | vb.str.V | to surround, gather round | GED | |
| *du-rinnan | vb.str.V | to approach, run up | GED | |
| *fair-rinnan | vb.str.V | to reach, extend to | GED | |
| *faur-rinnan | vb.str.V | to precede, go before | GED | |
| garuns | n.str.fem | street | LRC | |
| raus | n | reed, stalk | KGW | |
| *rinnan | vb.str.V | to run, walk, go | GED | |
| runs | n | run, course | ASD | |
| urreisan | vb.str.I | to arise | LRC | |
| urrinnan | vb.str.III | to rise, come from, go forth | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | aborior, aborīrī, abortus | vb | to perish by untimely birth, disappear | W7 |
| aborto, abortāre | vb | to miscarry | W7 | |
| derivo, derivāre | vb | to float away | W7 | |
| exorior, exorīrī, exortus | vb.dep | to arise, appear | LRC | |
| oriens, orientis | vb.pres.ptc | rising | W7 | |
| origo, originis | n.fem | rising, beginning | W7 | |
| orior, orīri | vb.dep | to rise, get up, be born | W7 | |
| rivalis | adj | of a stream | W7 | |
| rivulus | n.masc | small stream | W7 | |
| rīvus | n.masc | brook, stream | W7 | |
| Middle French: | dériver | vb | to derive, be washed away | W7 |
| orient | n.masc | the East | W7 | |
| orienter | vb | to orient, guide | W7 | |
| origine | n.fem | origin, beginning | W7 | |
| rival | adj | rival | W7 | |
| French: | orienter | vb | to orient, guide | W7 |
| Italian: | rivoletto | n.masc | rivulet | W7 |
| rivolo | n.masc | rivulet, brook | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | ratь | n | battle | GED |
| rinǫti | vb | to thrust | GED | |
| rěka | n.fem | river | LRC | |
| Russian: | ronítь | vb | to let fall | GED |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | jerm | n | delirium | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ὄρνῡμι | vb | to move, awake, arise, arouse | LRC |
| Greek: | ἀνατέλλειν | vb | to make (the sun) rise | GED |
| ἀπέρχομαι | vb | to go back | LRC | |
| εἰσέρχομαι | vb | to enter | LRC | |
| ἐξέρχομαι | vb.dep | to come out | LRC | |
| ἐρίζω | vb | to quarrel | LRC | |
| ἔρις | n.fem | strife | LRC | |
| ἔρχομαι | vb | to come, go | LRC | |
| ὀρίνω | vb | to stir | GED | |
| hormē | n.fem | impulse, assault | W7 | |
| hormōn | vb.ptc | assaulting | W7 | |
| ὄρνυμαι | vb | to begin | GED | |
| προσέρχομαι | vb | to come to | LRC | |
| συνέρχομαι | vb.dep | to unite, come together | LRC | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | ar-ai-, ar-iya- | vb | to rise, raise, rouse | LRC |
| ar-i | vb | to arrive | LRC | |
| ar-nu-mi | vb | to bring, set in motion | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | ordi | n | son | LRC |
| Armenian: | ari | vb | to arise, get up | LRC |
| yarnem | vb | to rise, get up | GED | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | ar- | vb | to move, reach, raise | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ara | adj | quick | ASD |
| iyarti | vb | to set in motion | GED | |
| irya | adj | agile, energetic | GED | |
| r̥ṇóti | vb | to stir, move, arise | LRC | |
| r̥ṇváti | vb | to move, arise | GED | |
| r̥ti- | n | attack, battle | GED | |
| rayas | n | flood | GED | |
| ríṇvati | vb | to cause to flow | GED | |
| rināti | vb | to cause to flow | GED | |
| rī́yate | vb | to begin to flow | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | er- | vb | to cease, abandon, come to an end | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| 2 | = | 2nd person |
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| I | = | class 1 |
| III | = | class 3 |
| V | = | class 5 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| anom | = | anomalous/indeclinable |
| arch | = | archaic |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| indec | = | indeclinable/anomalous |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
