Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. erə-, rē-, er(e)- 'to row; oar'
Semantic Field(s): to Row, Oar
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | rōðer | n.neut | rudder | ASD/W7 |
| rōwan | vb.str | to row | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | rother | n | rudder | W7 |
| rowen | vb | to row | W7 | |
| English: | bireme | n | galley with 2 oar banks | AHD/W7 |
| remex | n | bird's primary/secondary quill feather | AHD/W7 | |
| row | vb | to propel boat via oars | AHD/W7 | |
| rudder | n | boat steering mechanism: flat wood/metal piece attached upright to stern | AHD/W7 | |
| trierarch | n | trireme commander | AHD/W7 | |
| trireme | n | galley with 3 oar banks | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | roer | n | rudder | TLL |
| Old High German: | ruodar | n | oar, rudder | ASD |
| Middle High German: | rüejen | vb | to row | W7 |
| German: | Ruder | n.neut | rudder | LRC |
| rudern | vb | to row | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | róa | vb | to row | ASD |
| Danish: | ror | n | rudder | TLL |
| Swedish: | roder | n | rudder | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | biremis | adj | with two oars | W7 |
| remex, remigis | n.masc | oarsman | W7 | |
| rēmus | n.masc | oar | W7 | |
| trierarchus | n.masc | trierarch | W7 | |
| triremis | adj | trireme | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | triērarchos | n.masc | trierarch | W7 |
| triērēs | n.fem | trireme | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
