Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: es- 'is, to be'
Semantic Field(s): to Live; Living; Life
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | am, at, is | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | eom, (e)am, is | vb.anom.1/3.sg | am, is | AHD/ASD |
| gēse, gese, gise, gyse | adv | yes | ASD/W7 | |
| prūd | adj | proud, arrogant | ASD/W7 | |
| sind(on) | vb.anom.pl | are | LRC | |
| sōð | adj/n.neut | sooth | W7 | |
| sōð-gi(e)d | n.neut | sooth, lit. true tale | ASD | |
| sōðian | vb.wk | to soothe | ASD/W7 | |
| synn | n | sin | W7 | |
| Middle English: | absent | adj | absent | W7 |
| am, is | vb.anom.1/3.sg | am, is | LRC | |
| essence | n | essence | W7 | |
| interesse, interest | n | interest | W7 | |
| present | adj | present | W7 | |
| presenten | vb | to present | W7 | |
| proud | adj | proud | W7 | |
| quintessence | n | quintessence | W7 | |
| representen | vb | to represent | W7 | |
| sinne | n | sin | W7 | |
| sooth | n | sooth | W7 | |
| sothen | vb | to soothe | W7 | |
| yes | adv | yes | W7 | |
| English: | abessive | adj | (grammatical case) re: absence | AHD |
| absent | adj | missing, not present/attending | AHD/W7 | |
| adessive | adj | (grammatical case) re: adjacency | AHD | |
| am, is | vb.anom.1/3.sg | to be, exist, become | AHD/W7 | |
| bodhisattva | n | being who refrains from entering nirvana to save others | AHD/W7 | |
| entity | n | existence, being | AHD/W7 | |
| essence | n | permanent as contrasted with accidental element of being | AHD/W7 | |
| essive | adj | (grammatical case) re: temporary state/capacity | AHD | |
| inessive | adj | not essive | AHD | |
| interest | n | right/title/legal share | AHD/W7 | |
| ossia | conj | or else | AHD | |
| Parousia | prop.n | Second Coming of Christ (Christianity) | LRC | |
| present | adj | now existing/in progress | AHD/W7 | |
| present | vb | to bring/introduce into someone's presence | AHD/W7 | |
| proud | adj | feeling/showing pride | AHD/W7 | |
| Proudfoot | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| quintessence | n | fifth, highest essence in ancient/medieval philosophy | AHD/W7 | |
| represent | vb | to present, bring clearly before | AHD/W7 | |
| schizont | n | sporozoan cell segmented by schizogony | AHD | |
| sin | n | offense against God | AHD/W7 | |
| sooth | adj/n | true; truth | AHD/W7 | |
| soothe | vb | to prove/declare/verify truth | AHD/OED | |
| suttee | n | act/custom of Hindu widow cremating herself on husband's funeral pyre to show devotion | AHD/W7 | |
| swastika | n | symbol/ornament: Greek cross with arm ends bent at same right angle | AHD/W7 | |
| yes | adv | (expressing assent/agreement) | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | sende | n | fault, wrong, crime, misdeed | ASD |
| Dutch: | zij | vb.anom.sg.imp | be! | TLL |
| zijn | vb.anom | to be | TLL | |
| zijn | vb.anom.pl | are | TLL | |
| zijnd | vb.anom.pres.ptc | being | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | sōð | adj/n | sooth | ASD |
| sundia | n | fault, wrong, crime, misdeed | ASD | |
| Old High German: | sand | adj | true | W7 |
| sīn | vb.anom | to be | W7 | |
| sunta | n | sin, fault, crime, misdeed | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | ist | vb.anom.3.sg | is | LRC |
| sei | vb.anom.2/3.sg.imp | be! let be | TLL | |
| seid | vb.anom.2.pl | (you) are | TLL | |
| seiend | vb.anom.pres.ptc | being | ||
| sein | vb.anom | to be | TLL | |
| sind | vb.anom.pl | are | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | em, est, es | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | LRC |
| esum, esuþ, esu | vb.anom.pl | are | LRC | |
| sandr | n | sand; beach, shore | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | saðr, sannr | adj | sooth | ASD |
| sanna | vb | to prove, make good | ASD | |
| synd | n | fault, wrong, crime, misdeed | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | im, is, ist | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | LRC |
| sijau, sijais, sijai | vb.anom.sg.opt/subj | may be | TLL | |
| sijum, sijuþ, sind | vb.anom.pl | are | LRC | |
| sunja | n.str.fem | sooth | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | siem, sies, siet | vb.anom.sg.opt/subj | may be | TLL |
| Latin: | absens, absentis | adj | absent | W7 |
| absum, abesse | vb | to be absent | W7 | |
| desum, deesse, defuī | vb | to be lacking | LRC | |
| ens | adj/vb.ptc | existing | W7 | |
| eram, eras, erat | vb.anom.sg.impf | was, were | TLL | |
| ero, eris, erit | vb.anom.sg.fut | will be | TLL | |
| esse | vb.anom.inf | to be | LRC | |
| essentia | n.fem | essence | W7 | |
| intersum, interesse, interfuī | vb | to concern, lie between | LRC | |
| praesens, praesentis | adj/vb.ptc | present, helping, attending | W7 | |
| praesento, praesentare | vb | to show, present | W7 | |
| praesum, praesse, praefui | vb | to be before, have charge of, preside over | LRC | |
| prosum, prodesse | vb | to be advantageous | W7 | |
| repraesento, repraesentare | vb | to represent | W7 | |
| sum, es, est | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | LRC | |
| sumus, estis, sunt | vb.anom.pl | are | LRC | |
| Late Latin: | prode | n.neut | advantage | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | entitas | n.fem | entity, whole | W7 |
| Spanish: | ser | vb.anom | to be | TLL |
| somos, sois, son | vb.anom.pl | are | TLL | |
| soy, eres, es | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | TLL | |
| Old French: | present | adj | present, attending, being there | W7 |
| presenter | vb | to show, present, introduce | W7 | |
| prod, prud | adj | proud | W7 | |
| prou | adj/n.masc | good, capable; advantage | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | interesse | n.masc | interest | W7 |
| Middle French: | absent | adj | absent | W7 |
| essence | n.fem | essence | W7 | |
| representer | vb | to represent | W7 | |
| French: | être | vb.anom | to be | TLL |
| sommes, êtes, sont | vb.anom.pl | are | TLL | |
| suis, es, est | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | TLL | |
| Italian: | essere | vb.anom | to be | TLL |
| ossia | conj | or else, that is | AHD | |
| senza | prep | without, in the absence of | TLL | |
| sia | vb.3.sg.subj | is, be | AHD | |
| siamo, siete, sono | vb.anom.pl | are | TLL | |
| sono, sei, è | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | esmì, esì, estì | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | jes-, jesmь, jesi | vb | to be | LRC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | jam | vb | to be | IEW |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἐξετάζω | vb | to inquire | LRC |
| ἐξουσία | n.fem | power | LRC | |
| ἐσθλόν | adj | good | LRC | |
| εσμι, εἶ(ς), ἐστί | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | LRC | |
| eteos | adj | true | W7 | |
| pareinai | vb | to be present | W7 | |
| Parousia | n.fem | Parousia | W7 | |
| parōn, parontos | vb.pres.ptc | present | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | esmeni, esteni, asanzi | vb.anom.pl | are | LRC |
| esmi, essi, eszi | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | em, es, e | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ásmi, ási, ásti | vb.anom.sg | am, are, is | LRC |
| bodhisattva | n | one whose essence is enlightenment | W7 | |
| satī | n | wife who performs suttee, lit. good woman | W7 | |
| sat | adj | true, good | W7 | |
| sattva | n | being | W7 | |
| smá, sthá, sánti | vb.anom.pl | are | LRC | |
| syā́m, syā́s, syā́t | vb.anom.sg.opt | may be | TLL | |
| svasti | n | welfare | W7 | |
| svastika | n | swatika, symbol in shape thereof | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| 2 | = | 2nd person |
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| anom | = | anomalous/indeclinable |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| fut | = | future (tense) |
| imp | = | imperative (mood) |
| impf | = | imperfect (aspect) |
| inf | = | infinitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| opt | = | optative (mood) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| subj | = | subjunctive (mood) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
