Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. gel- 'to curl, form into ball; round'
Semantic Field(s): Round (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Welsh: | elain | n | hind | GED |
| Gaulish: | galba | n | very fat man | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | æt-clīðende | vb.pres.ptc | adhering | LRC |
| cælf, calfur | n | calf (bovine) | GED | |
| calf, ce(a)lf | n | calf (bovine) | GED | |
| ceolbor | n.fem | female lamb | GED | |
| ceolbor-lomb | n.neut | female lamb | GED | |
| cild | n.neut | child | IEW/W7 | |
| clǣg | n | clay | W7 | |
| clāþ | n.masc | cloth, [pl.] clothes | ASD/KEW | |
| clawu | n.fem | claw, hoof | IEW | |
| *clēat | n | cleat | W7 | |
| cliewe, clywe | n.fem | clew | ASD/IEW | |
| cli(e)wen, clywen, cleowen | n.neut | clew, globe | ASD/IEW | |
| clif, clyf, cleof | n.neut | cliff, rock | ASD/RPN | |
| clim(b)an, climmian | vb | to climb | ASD/W7 | |
| climman | vb | to clamber | IEW | |
| clingan, clang, clungon, clungen | vb.str | to cling | ASD/IEW | |
| cli(o)fian, clyfian, cleofian | vb | to cleave | ASD/W7 | |
| clodd | n | clod | IEW | |
| clūd | n.masc | hill, mass of rock | ASD/RPN | |
| clūt | n.masc | clout, patch, piece of metal | ASD/IEW | |
| clyccan | vb | to clutch | IEW/W7 | |
| colt | n.masc | colt | ASD/IEW | |
| (g)ealla | n.masc | gall, sore on horse | ASD/ODE | |
| Middle English: | calf | n | calf | W7 |
| child | n | child | W7 | |
| clambren | vb | to clamber | W7 | |
| claspe | n | clasp | W7 | |
| clawe | n | claw | W7 | |
| clay | n | clay | W7 | |
| clenchen | vb | to clench | W7 | |
| clete | n | cleat, wedge | W7 | |
| clevien | vb | to cleave | W7 | |
| clewe | n | clew | W7 | |
| clif | n | cliff | W7 | |
| climben | vb | to climb | W7 | |
| clingen | vb | to cling | W7 | |
| clod | n | clod | W7 | |
| cloth | n | cloth | W7 | |
| clout | n | clout | W7 | |
| clubbe | n | club | W7 | |
| clucchen | vb | to clutch | W7 | |
| culp(e) | n | kelp | W2I | |
| galle | n | gall | W7 | |
| glu | n | glue | W7 | |
| English: | agglutinate | vb | to fasten, cause to adhere | AHD/W7 |
| calf, calves | n | young bovine(s) | W7 | |
| calf | n | hind part of leg below knee | W7 | |
| child, children | n | infant, young person | IEW/W7 | |
| clamber | vb | to climb, scramble up | IEW | |
| clammy | adj | damp soft and sticky | IEW/W7 | |
| clasp | n | hook/device for holding things together | W7 | |
| clasp | vb | to grasp, embrace, fasten with clasp | IEW/W7 | |
| claw | n | sharp nail on toe of animal | IEW/W7 | |
| clay | n | earthy material: plastic if moist but hard after firing | AHD/W7 | |
| cleat | n | wedge-like fitting/fastener | IEW/W7 | |
| cleave, clove, clave | vb.str/wk | to cling, stick, adhere | W7 | |
| clench, clinch | vb | to clasp, fasten, ball (the fist) | IEW | |
| clew | n | ball of thread/string/yarn | IEW/W7 | |
| cliff | n | precipice, steep rock face/slope | ODE/RPN | |
| climb | vb | to rise, go/slope upward | W7 | |
| cling, clung | vb.str | to hold, adhere | IEW/W7 | |
| clod | n | lump/mass of earth/clay | IEW/W7 | |
| cloth | n | pliable fabric | W7 | |
| clothes | n.pl | garments | LRC | |
| clothing | n | clothes | W7 | |
| cloud | n | billowy fog/mist/haze in sky | IEW/W7 | |
| clout | n | rag, piece of cloth/leather | IEW/W7 | |
| club | n | heavy stick, tapering staff | IEW/W7 | |
| clutch | vb | to grasp/hold with hand/claws | IEW/W7 | |
| colt | n | foal, young (male) horse | IEW/W7 | |
| conglutinate | vb | to unite via gummy substance | AHD/W7 | |
| deglutinate | vb | to unglue; loosen, separate | AHD/CDC | |
| eland | n | African antelope | GED | |
| gall | n | flaw; skin sore due to chafing | W7 | |
| gall | n | plant tissue swelling due to parasite | W7 | |
| gall | vb | to chafe, wear; vex, irritate | W7 | |
| gallnut | n | (plant) gall resembling nut | W7 | |
| gley | n | sticky clay under surface of waterlogged soils | AHD/W7 | |
| gliadin | n | simple protein found in grain | AHD/W7 | |
| globe | n | something round/spherical | W7 | |
| glue | n | protein with adhesive properties | AHD/W7 | |
| gluten | n | elastic protein in flour giving dough cohesiveness | AHD/W7 | |
| glutinous | adj | gluey, gummy | AHD/W7 | |
| kelp | n | (ashes of) seaweed | IEW/W2I | |
| klipspringer | n | small agile African antelope | AHD | |
| klutz | n | clumsy/stupid person | LRC | |
| mesoglea | n | gelatinous substance between endoderm/ectoderm | AHD/W7 | |
| neuroglia | n | supporting tissue intermingled with.essential elements of nervous tissue esp. in.brain, spinal cord, and ganglia | AHD/W7 | |
| zooglea | n | mass formed by bacteria in fluid rich in organic material | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | claith, clayth | n | cloth | ASD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | klad, klath, kleth | n.neut | cloth | ASD |
| klai | n | clay | ASD | |
| Frisian: | klaed | n | cloth | ASD |
| klaey | n | clay | ASD | |
| Old Frankish: | calf | n | calf (bovine) | GED |
| Middle Dutch: | galle | n | gall, sore on horse | ODE |
| klippe | n | cliff, rock | AHD | |
| Dutch: | eland | n | elk, eland | GED |
| kalf | n | calf (bovine) | TLL | |
| klauw | n | claw | TLL | |
| kleed | n.neut | cloth | ASD | |
| kleeren | n | clothes | TLL | |
| kleeven | vb | to cleave, adhere | ASD | |
| klei | n.fem | clay | ASD | |
| klip | n.fem | cliff, rock | ASD | |
| kloot | n.masc | clod, rock, hill | ASD | |
| kl(o)uwen | n.neut | clew | ASD | |
| kluit | n.fem | rock, hill | ASD | |
| Afrikaans: | klipspringer | n | klipspringer | AHD |
| Old Saxon: | clif, klif | n.neut | cliff | ASD/RPN |
| klibōn | vb | to cleave, adhere | ASD | |
| Middle Low German: | galle | n | gall, sore on horse | ODE |
| Low German: | klint | n | cliff, rock | RPN |
| Old High German: | chalb | n.str.neut | calf (bovine) | GED |
| chalba | n.fem | female calf | GED | |
| chalbire | n.dat.sg | calf (bovine) | GED | |
| clep | n | cliff, rock | ASD | |
| cliuwi | n.neut | clew | ASD | |
| kilbur | n.neut | female lamb | GED | |
| kilburra | n.fem | female lamb | GED | |
| klāftra | n.fem | fathom | GED | |
| klebēn, klebjan | vb | to cleave, adhere | ASD | |
| kliuwa | n.fem | clew | ASD | |
| klīwa | n | bran | W7 | |
| kloz | n.masc | clod, lump, mass | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | galle | n | gall, flaw, fault | ODE |
| kleit | n.neut | cloth | ASD | |
| kliuwel | n.neut | clew | ASD | |
| klōz | n.masc | clod, lump, block | ASD | |
| German: | Kalb | n.neut | calf (bovine) | LRC |
| Klafter | n.masc | fathom | LRC | |
| Klaue | n | claw | TLL | |
| Klei, Klai | n.masc | clay | ASD | |
| kle(i)ben | vb | to cleave, adhere | ASD | |
| Kleid | n.neut | cloth; frock, dress | ASD/TLL | |
| Kleider | n.neut.pl | clothes | TLL | |
| Klippe | n.fem | cliff, crag, rock | ASD/RPN | |
| klosz | n.masc | rock, hill | ASD | |
| Klotz | n.masc | brick, block; klutz | LRC | |
| Yiddish: | klots | n | klutz | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | galli | n | gall, flaw, fault | ODE |
| kleggi | n.masc | clay | ASD | |
| klubba | n | club, cudgel | IEW | |
| Old Icelandic: | kalfi | n.masc | calf (of leg) | GED |
| kalfr | n.masc | calf (bovine) | GED | |
| klāpr | n.masc | box | GED | |
| kleif | n | cliff, ridge | RPN | |
| klettr | n | cliff, rock | RPN | |
| klé | n | stone to steady a loom | RPN | |
| klif | n | cliff | RPN | |
| klǫpp | n | stepping-stone | GED | |
| Icelandic: | klif | n.neut | cliff | ASD |
| klōt | n.neut | knob on sword's hilt | ASD | |
| klæði | n.neut | cloth | ASD | |
| Danish: | kalv | n | calf (bovine) | TLL |
| klippe | n.masc/fem | cliff, rock | ASD | |
| klo | n | claw | TLL | |
| klode | n.masc/fem | clod, ball | ASD | |
| klæder | n.pl | clothes | TLL | |
| kläde | n.neut | cloth | ASD | |
| kläg, kleg | n | clay | ASD | |
| Middle Swedish: | galle | n | gall, flaw, fault | ODE |
| Swedish: | kalv | n | calf (bovine) | TLL |
| klippa | n.fem | cliff, rock | ASD | |
| klo | n | claw | TLL | |
| klot | n.neut | clod, rock, hill | ASD | |
| kläde | n.neut | cloth | ASD | |
| kläder | n.pl | clothes | TLL | |
| klädning | n | dress, clothing | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | inkilþō | adj | with child | LRC |
| *kalbo | n.fem | calf (bovine) | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | agglutino, agglutinare, agglutinavi, agglutinatus | vb | to glue to | W7 |
| conglutino, conglutinare, conglutinavi, conglutinatus | vb | to glue together | W7 | |
| galla | n.fem | gall(nut) | IEW | |
| gleba | n.fem | clump of earth | GED | |
| globus | n.masc | globe, heap | GED | |
| gluten | n.neut | glue | W7 | |
| glutino, glutināre | vb | to glue | W7 | |
| glutinosus | adj | having consistency of glue | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | glūs, glūtis | n.fem | glue | W7 |
| New Latin: | neuroglia | n.fem | supporting tissue intermingled with the essential elements of nervous tissue | W7 |
| zooglea | n.fem | gelatinous mass of bacteria growing fluid | W7 | |
| Spanish: | galla | n | gall(nut) | ODE |
| Old French: | galle | n | gall(nut) | ODE |
| galler | vb | to gall, rub, scratch | ODE | |
| Middle French: | globe | n | globe | W7 |
| glu | n.fem | glue | W7 | |
| glutineux | adj | glutinous | W7 | |
| Italian: | gala | n | gall(nut) | ODE |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | élnis | n | deer | GED |
| glėbti | vb | to embrace, surround | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Polish: | głaz | n | rock | RPN |
| Russian: | glaz | n | stone | RPN |
| gleĭ | n | clay | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἔλαφος | n | deer | GED |
| Late Greek: | glia | n.fem | glue | W7 |
| gloios | n.masc | glue | W7 | |
| Medieval Greek: | gloea | n.fem | glue | W7 |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | ełn | n | hind | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
