Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. gel-, and gu̯el- 'to glut, devour, envelop'
Semantic Field(s): to Eat, to Wind, Wrap
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cēol, cīol | n.masc | keel, ship | ASD |
| ceole, ciole | n.fem | jowl, throat | ASD/IEW | |
| Middle English: | cholle | n | jowl, throat | W7 |
| glotoun | n | glutton | W7 | |
| glouten | vb | to glut | W7 | |
| golet | n | gullet | W7 | |
| goules | n.pl | gules | W7 | |
| kele | n | keel | W7 | |
| English: | deglutition | n | swallowing | AHD/W7 |
| glut | vb | to satiate, fill with food | AHD/W7 | |
| glutton | n | one who eats too much | AHD/W7 | |
| goliard | n | wandering student/minstrel of 12th/13th century | AHD/W7 | |
| gular | adj | re: throat | AHD/W7 | |
| gules | n.pl | heraldic color red | AHD/W7 | |
| gullet | n | esophagus | AHD/W7 | |
| jowl | n | slack flesh on throat/lower jaw | AHD/W7 | |
| keel | n | longitudinal plate/timber along bottom center of boat/ship | AHD/W7 | |
| keel | n | freight barge | AHD/W7 | |
| keelhaul | vb.trans | to haul under ship's keel as torture/punishment | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | kiel | n | keel | AHD |
| Dutch: | keel | n.fem | jowl, throat | ASD |
| kiel | n.fem | keel | ASD | |
| Old High German: | chiol, cheol, chiel | n.masc | keel | ASD |
| këla | n.fem | jowl, throat | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | kël | n.fem | jowl, throat | ASD |
| kiel | n.masc | keel | ASD | |
| German: | Kehle | n.fem | jowl, throat | ASD |
| Kiel | n.masc | keel | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kjölr | n | keel (timber) | W7 |
| Icelandic: | kjōll | n.masc | keel | ASD |
| Danish: | kiöl | n.masc/fem | keel | ASD |
| Swedish: | köl | n.masc | keel | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | deglutio, deglutire, deglutivi, deglutitus | vb | to swallow down | W7 |
| glūto, glūtōnis | n.masc | glutton | W7 | |
| glūt(t)io, glūt(t)ire | vb | to swallow | W7 | |
| gula | n.fem | jowl, throat, gullet | IEW | |
| Old French: | gloton | n.masc | glutton | W7 |
| Middle French: | goule | n.fem | jowl, throat, gullet | W7 |
| goulet | n.masc.dim | jowl, throat, gullet | W7 | |
| French: | déglutition | n.fem | deglutition | W7 |
| goliard | n | goliard | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | gala | n.masc | jowl, throat, gullet | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |