Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. g̑enu-, fem., g̑enədh- : g̑onədh- 'chin, jaw(bone)'
Semantic Field(s): Chin, Jaw, Bone
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | gi(u)n | n | mouth | GED/RPN |
| Breton: | genaw | n | mouth | RPN |
| gén | n | cheek | RPN | |
| génu | n | mouth | RPN | |
| Welsh: | gen | n | chin, jaw, cheek | GED/RPN |
| genau | n | mouth | RPN | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cin(n), cyn | n.fem | chin | GED/RPN |
| Middle English: | chin | n | chin | W7 |
| English: | agnathan | n | jawless vertebrate | AHD |
| chaetognath | n | small free-swimming marine worm | AHD/W7 | |
| chin | n | lower portion of face, below lower lip, incl. lower jaw | AHD/W7 | |
| genial | adj | re: chin | AHD/W7 | |
| gnathal | adj | gnathic | AHD | |
| gnathic | adj | re: jaw | AHD/W7 | |
| -gnathous | adj.sfx | re: having a jaw | AHD/W7 | |
| Hanuman | prop.n | monkey-god (Hindu mythology) | AHD | |
| hanuman | n | small S Asian monkey | AHD | |
| opisthognathous | adj | having retreating jaws | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | kin(n), ken | n | chin | ASD/GED |
| Dutch: | kin | n.fem | chin | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | kinni | n.fem | chin, jaw | GED/RPN |
| Old High German: | chinne | n.str.neut | chin, jaw | GED |
| kinni | n.neut | chin, jaw | ASD/RPN | |
| Middle High German: | kinn | n.neut | chin | ASD |
| German: | Kinn | n.neut | chin | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kinn | n | cheek | RPN |
| Old Icelandic: | kinn | n.fem | cheek | GED |
| Icelandic: | kinn | n.fem | chin | ASD |
| Danish: | kind | n.masc/fem | chin | ASD |
| Swedish: | kind | n.fem | chin | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *kinnus | n.fem | cheek | GED/RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | gena, genae | n.fem | chin, jaw, cheek | GED/RPN |
| genuīnus | n | molar (tooth) | GED | |
| New Latin: | -gnathus | sfx | of the jaw | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | žándas | n | jaw | GED/RPN |
| Latvian: | zuôds | n | chin, jaw; sharp edge | GED/RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | γενειάς | n.fem | beard | GED |
| γενειον | n.neut | chin, face where covered by beard | GED | |
| γένῠς | n.fem | chin, cheek, jaw | GED/RPN | |
| γναθμός | n.masc | jaw | GED | |
| γνάθος | n.fem | (lower) jaw | GED/RPN | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | cnaut | n | chin, jaw, cheek | GED/RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | zānu- | n | chin, jaw | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | hánuḥ | n | jaw, chin, cheek | RPN |
| Hindi: | Hanumān | prop.n | Hanuman | AHD |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian A: | śanweṃ | n.fem.du | (two) jaws | GED/RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| du | = | dual (number) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
