Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. ger- 'to turn, wind, curl'
Semantic Field(s): to Turn, to Wind, Wrap
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | grinne | n | bundle | RPN |
| Irish: | cairt | n | cart | ASD |
| crom | adj | bent | ASD | |
| Gaelic: | cairt, cartach | n.fem | cart | ASD |
| creathail | n.fem | cradle | ASD | |
| Cornish: | crom | adj | crooked | ASD |
| Welsh: | cart | n | cart | ASD |
| crwm | adj | bent | ASD | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cradol, cradel | n.masc | cradle | ASD/W7 |
| cræft | n.masc | craft, strength, power | ASD | |
| cræt, crat | n | cart | ASD/W7 | |
| crampiht | adj | crumpled, wrinkled | RPN | |
| cranc- | pfx | crank | W7 | |
| cranc-stæf | n.masc | crank-staff (weaving implement) | RPN | |
| crēopan, crēap, crupon, cropen | vb.str | to creep | W7 | |
| cribb | n | crib | W7 | |
| crin(c)gan, crong, crungon, crungen | vb.str.III | to cringe, yield; die | ASD | |
| croc, crocc(a), crog(g) | n.masc | crock, pitcher, pot/jar | ASD/W7 | |
| crop(p) | n.masc | crop | ASD/W7 | |
| cruma | n.masc | crumb | ASD/W7 | |
| crumb, crump | adj | bent, crooked | RPN | |
| crūse | n | pitcher | W7 | |
| crycc | n | crutch | W7 | |
| crymban, crympan | vb | to bend, curl | RPN | |
| crymbing | n.fem | bend, curvature, inclination | ASD/RPN | |
| crypel | n | cripple | W7 | |
| cryppan | vb | to bend, to crook (finger) | RPN | |
| dweomercræft | n.masc | magic art, jugglery | OED | |
| Middle English: | carpen | vb | to carp | W7 |
| cart | n | cart | W7 | |
| cradel | n | cradle | W7 | |
| craft | n | craft, strength | W7 | |
| crampe | n | cramp | W7 | |
| cranke | n | crank | W7 | |
| creke, crike | n | creek | W7 | |
| crengen | vb | to cringe | W7 | |
| crepen | vb | to creep | W7 | |
| crib | n | crib | W7 | |
| cripel | n | cripple | W7 | |
| crochet | n | crochet, crotchet | W7 | |
| crock | n | crock (pot/jar) | W7 | |
| croft | n | croft | W7 | |
| crok | n | crock (decrepit) | W7 | |
| croket | n | crocket | W7 | |
| crompid | n | crumpet, lit. curled-up | W7 | |
| crop | n | crop | W7 | |
| croser | n | crosier(-bearer) | W7 | |
| crouchen | vb | to crouch | W7 | |
| croupe | n | croup | W7 | |
| crucche | n | crutch | W7 | |
| cruet | n | cruet | W7 | |
| crul | adj | curly | W7 | |
| crumb, crump | adj | crooked | W7 | |
| crumme | n | crummy | W7 | |
| crumped | vb.ptc | curled up | W7 | |
| crumpen | vb | to curl up | W7 | |
| crumplen | vb.freq | to crumple | W7 | |
| cruper | n | crupper | W7 | |
| cruse | n | cruse | W7 | |
| crynkelen | vb | to crinkle | W7 | |
| curlen | vb | to curl | W7 | |
| encrochen | vb | to encroach | W7 | |
| grape | n | grape | W7 | |
| grapenel | n | grapnel | W7 | |
| English: | agraf(f)e | n | hook-and-loop fastener | AHD/W7 |
| carp | vb.intrans | to find fault/complain querulously | AHD/W7 | |
| cart | n | 2-wheeled transport | AHD/W7 | |
| cradle | n | bed/cot for baby, usu. on pivots/rockers | AHD/W7 | |
| craft | n | art, skill, dexterity | W7 | |
| cramp | n | spasmodic painful involuntary muscle contraction | AHD/W7 | |
| cramp | n | metal device bent at ends to hold timbers/stone blocks together | AHD/W7 | |
| crank | n | arm (at right angles to axle/shaft end) imparting/receiving circular motion | AHD/W7 | |
| creche | n | day nursery | AHD/W7 | |
| creek | n | small inlet/bay, narrower but extending farther inland than cove | AHD/W7 | |
| creep, crept | vb.wk.intrans | to move with body prone/close to ground | AHD/W7 | |
| crib | n | manger for feeding animals | AHD/W7 | |
| Crickhollow | prop.n | Shire locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| crimp | vb.trans | to cause to become bent/warped/wavy | AHD/W7 | |
| cringe | vb.intrans | to contract/draw in one's muscles | AHD/W7 | |
| cringle | n | eyelet/grommet/thimble/rope loop attached to sail | AHD/W7 | |
| crinkle | vb | to form short bends/angles | AHD/W7 | |
| cripple | n | lame/partly disabled person/animal | AHD/W7 | |
| crochet | n | interlocking looped stitches formed with single thread/hooked needle | AHD/W7 | |
| crock | n | thick earthenware pot/jar | AHD/W7 | |
| crock | n | one that is decrepit/impaired/disabled/worn out | AHD/W7 | |
| crocket | n | ornament (bent/curved foliage) on edge of gable/spire | AHD/W7 | |
| croft | n | small enclosed field adjoining house | AHD/W7 | |
| crook | n | implement having bent/hooked form | AHD/W7 | |
| crop | n | swollen protuberance: bird's craw, sprout/top of herb | AHD/OED | |
| croquet | n | lawn game played with mallets/wooden balls/wickets | AHD/W7 | |
| crosier | n | staff with pointed foot carried as symbol of office | AHD/W7 | |
| crotch | n | pole with forked end | AHD/W7 | |
| crotchet | n | brooch, small hook/hooked instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| crouch | vb | to stoop with limbs close to body | AHD/W7 | |
| croup | n | rump of quadruped | AHD/W7 | |
| croupier | n | gambling casino employee who pays/collects bets | AHD/W7 | |
| cruet | n | (glass) bottle for table condiments | W7 | |
| cruller | n | small sweet cake in twisted strips fried in deep fat | AHD/W7 | |
| crumb | n | small bread/pastry fragment | AHD/W7 | |
| crummie | n | cow | AHD/W7 | |
| crumpet | n | unsweetened cake batter cooked on griddle | AHD/W7 | |
| crumple | vb | to rumple, bend/press/crush out of shape | AHD/W7 | |
| crupper | n | leather loop under horse's tail buckled to saddle | AHD/W7 | |
| cruse | n | small vessel (e.g. pot/jar) to hold liquid (e.g. oil/water) | AHD/W7 | |
| crutch | n | device typically fitting under armpit used by disabled in walking | AHD/W7 | |
| curl | vb | to form into coils/ringlets | AHD/W7 | |
| dwimmer-crafty | adj | re: Saruman in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| encroach | vb.intrans | to take, by stealth/gradual steps, rights/possessions of another | AHD/W7 | |
| gooseberry | n | spiny European shrub with edible berries | AHD | |
| grape | n | juicy smooth-skinned berry | AHD/W7 | |
| grapnel | n | small anchor with 3-5 flukes/claws | AHD/W7 | |
| grappa | n | dry colorless Italian brandy | AHD/W7 | |
| grapple | n | iron-clawed instrument used to secure enemy vessel before boarding | AHD/W7 | |
| grossularite | n | type of garnet | AHD/W7 | |
| group | n | two/more figures forming unit | AHD/W7 | |
| kreplach | n | small soup dumpling(s) | AHD | |
| krumkake | n | Norwegian waffle cookie, lit. bent cake | AHD | |
| krummhorn | n | double-reed woodwind, lit. bent horn | AHD | |
| Scots English: | crumb | adj | bent, crooked | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | crumb | adj | bent, stooping | ASD |
| kreft | n | craft, strength | ASD | |
| kriapa | vb | to creep | ASD | |
| krocha | n.masc | crock (pot/jar) | ASD | |
| Frisian: | kreft | n | craft, strength | ASD |
| krippen | vb | to creep | ASD | |
| kruwch | n | crock (pot/jar) | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | crul | adj | curly | W7 |
| Dutch: | kracht | n.fem | craft, strength | ASD |
| krampe | n | hook | W7 | |
| krat | n.neut | cart | ASD | |
| krom | adj | bent, stooping | ASD | |
| krop | n.masc | crop | ASD | |
| kruik | n.fem | crock (pot/jar) | ASD | |
| kruim | n.fem | crumb | ASD | |
| kruipen | vb | to creep | ASD | |
| krul | adj | curly | W7 | |
| krulle | n | twisted cake | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | criepan | vb | to creep | ASD |
| crūka | n.fem | crock (pot/jar) | ASD | |
| crumb | adj | bent, stooping | ASD | |
| kraft | n.masc | craft, strength | ASD/IEW | |
| Low German: | krampe | n | hook | W7 |
| krimpen | vb | to shrivel | W7 | |
| kring | n | ring | W7 | |
| kringel | n.dim | cringle | W7 | |
| Old High German: | cratto | n.masc | cart | ASD |
| kraft | n.fem | craft, strength | ASD/IEW | |
| krank | adj | weak | KDW | |
| krāpfo | n | hook | W7 | |
| kratto | n | basket | W7 | |
| krippa | n | crib, manger | W7 | |
| kriuchan | vb | to creep | ASD | |
| krōg | n.masc | crock (pot/jar) | ASD | |
| krol | adj | curly | W7 | |
| kropf | n.masc | crop | ASD/W7 | |
| krucka | n | crutch | W7 | |
| krumb | adj | bent, stooping | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | kraft | n.fem | craft, strength | ASD |
| kretze | n.masc/fem | cart | ASD | |
| kriuchen | vb | to creep | ASD | |
| kropf | n.masc | crop | ASD | |
| krūche | n | crock | W7 | |
| krume | n | crumb | W7 | |
| krump | adj | bent, stooping | ASD | |
| kruoc | n.masc | crock (pot/jar) | ASD | |
| German: | Großularit | n | grossularite | W7 |
| Kraft | n.fem | craft, strength | ASD | |
| krank | adj | ill | LRC | |
| Krankenhaus | n | hospital | TLL | |
| krätze, kretze | n.masc/fem | cart | ASD | |
| kriechen | vb | to creep | ASD | |
| kropf | n.masc | crop | ASD | |
| Krug | n.masc | crock (pot/jar) | ASD | |
| Krume | n.fem | crumb | ASD | |
| krumm | adj | bent, stooping | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kartr | n | cart | W7 |
| kriki | n | bend; creek | W7 | |
| krjúpa | vb | to creep, crouch | LRC | |
| krōkr | n | hook, barb | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | krá | n | nook, corner | RPN |
| kring | adj | round | RPN | |
| kringja | vb | to encircle, to surround | RPN | |
| kringr | n | circle, ring | RPN | |
| kryppil | n | cripple | RPN | |
| krœkja | vb | to hook | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | karpa | vb | to dispute | IEO/W7 |
| kartr | n.masc | cart | ASD | |
| kraftr, kraptr | n.masc | craft, strength | ASD | |
| krjupa | vb | to creep | ASD | |
| kroppr | n.masc | crop | ASD | |
| krukka | n.fem | crock (pot/jar) | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | krokje | n | crock | W7 |
| Danish: | kraft | n.masc/fem | craft, strength | ASD |
| kro | n | inn | TLL | |
| krop | n.masc/fem | crop | ASD | |
| krukke | n.masc/fem | crock (pot/jar) | ASD | |
| krum | adj | bent, stooping | ASD | |
| krumme | n.masc/fem | crumb | ASD | |
| krybe | vb | to creep | ASD | |
| omkring | prep | around | TLL | |
| Swedish: | kraft | n.masc | craft, strength | ASD |
| kropp | n.masc | crop | ASD | |
| kruka | n.fem | crock (pot/jar) | ASD | |
| krum | adj | bent, stooping | ASD | |
| krumma | n.fem | crumb | ASD | |
| krypa | vb | to creep | ASD | |
| omkring | prep | around | TLL | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | grūmus | n | little heap, hillock (of earth) | RPN |
| New Latin: | Grossularia | n.fem | shrub genus incl. gooseberries | W7 |
| Old French: | crape | n.fem | skin disease | W7 |
| croc(he) | n.masc | fang, hook | W7 | |
| croupe | n.fem | croup | W7 | |
| crue | n | crock (pot/jar) | W7 | |
| crupiere | n.fem | lit. one (who rides) on (horse) croup | W7 | |
| encrochier | vb | to encroach | W7 | |
| grosele | n | gooseberry | AHD | |
| Old North French: | croquet | n.masc.dim | crocket | W7 |
| Anglo-French: | cruet | n.dim | cruet | W7 |
| Middle French: | crochet | n.masc.dim | hook, crochet | W7 |
| crossier | n | crosier | W7 | |
| encrochier | vb | to encroach | W7 | |
| grape | n.fem | hook | W7 | |
| grapin | n.masc.dim | grapnel, hook | W7 | |
| grapinel | n.masc.dim | grapnel, hook | W7 | |
| grappelle | n.fem | hook | W7 | |
| French: | agrafe | n | agrafe | W7 |
| agrafer | vb | to hook onto | AHD | |
| crèche | n.fem | creche, nursery | W7 | |
| crochet | n.masc.dim | hook, crochet | W7 | |
| croupe | n.fem | croup | W7 | |
| croupier | n.masc | croupier | W7 | |
| groupe | n.masc | group | W7 | |
| Italian: | grappa | n | grappa | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | gárbana, garbanà | n | curl, lock, ringlet | RPN |
| grandìs | n | ring, link (of a fence) | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | griphos | n.masc | reed basket | W7 |
| γρῡπός | n | hook-nosed | RPN | |
| grypos | adj | curved | W7 | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | grathnā́mi | vb | to fasten, tie/string together | RPN |
| grantha, grathna-ḥ, granthí-ḥ | n | knot, tie, bunch, tuft | W7 | |
| grantháyati | vb | to fasten, tie/string togeth | RPN | |
| Prakrit: | gaṁṭhi- | n | knot, joint, bundle | RPN |
| gaṁṭhilla- | adj | knotted | RPN | |
| gaṁṭhaï, gaṁthaï | vb | to tie, knot | RPN | |
| Assamese: | gā̃ṭhi- | n | knot, joint, protuberance | RPN |
| gā̃thiba- | vb | to string together | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEO | = | Arngrimur Sigurdsson: Íslenzk-Ensk Orðabók (1970) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |