Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑er-, g̑erə-, g̑rē- 'to rub; rotten; to age, ripen; grain'
Semantic Field(s): to Rub, to Spoil, Grain (generic, British Corn)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ceorl | n | ceorl, carl, fellow | W7 |
| corn | n.neut | corn | LRC | |
| cyrin, ceren | n.fem | churn | ASD/W7 | |
| cyrn(e)l | n | kernel | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | bred-corn | n | lit. bread-grain | MEV |
| carl | n | carl | W7 | |
| churl | n | churl | W7 | |
| chyrne | n | churn | W7 | |
| corn, curn | n | corn | W7 | |
| garner | n | garner | W7 | |
| garnett | n | garnet (tackle) | W7 | |
| grain | n | grain | W7 | |
| grange | n | grange | W7 | |
| grenat | n | garnet (semiprecious stone) | W7 | |
| kernel | n | kernel | W7 | |
| poumgarnet | n | pomegranate | W7 | |
| English: | ageratum | n | tropical American composite herb | AHD/W7 |
| Carl | prop.n | hobbit name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| carl | n | common man (of the people) | AHD/W7 | |
| carling | n | part of ship deck framing | AHD/W7 | |
| Ceorl | prop.n | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| ceorl | n | free man of lowest rank | W7 | |
| churl | n | ceorl | AHD/W7 | |
| churn | n | vessel for making butter | IEW | |
| corn | n | grain, small hard seed | AHD/W7 | |
| einkorn | n | early cultivated single-grain wheat | AHD | |
| filigree | n | ornamental work of fine gold/silver/copper wire | AHD/W7 | |
| garner | n | granary | AHD/W7 | |
| garnet | n | semiprecious stone: more/less transparent (red) silicate mineral | AHD/W7 | |
| garnet | n | tackle for lifting cargo on ship | AHD/W7 | |
| geriatric | adj | re: age/aging | AHD/W7 | |
| geront(o)- | pfx | old age | AHD/W7 | |
| grain | n | small hard seed(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| gram | n | leguminous plant grown esp. for seed | AHD/W7 | |
| granadilla | n | passionflower fruit | AHD | |
| granary | n | place to store threshed grain | AHD/W7 | |
| grange | n | barn, granary | AHD/W7 | |
| grani- | pfx | grain, seeds | AHD/W7 | |
| granita | n | chipped ice with flavorings | AHD | |
| granite | n | very hard, visibly crystalline igneous rock | AHD/W7 | |
| granule | n | small particle | AHD/W7 | |
| grenade | n | container fitted with priming/bursting charges | AHD/W7 | |
| grenadine | n | plain/figured open-weave fabric | AHD/W7 | |
| kernel | n | fruit seed | AHD/W7 | |
| pomegranate | n | thick-skinned reddish berry with many seeds in crimson pulp | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | corn | n | maize; (organic) granule | GED |
| Scots English: | curn | n | corn | W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | korn | n | corn | ASD |
| tzerle, tzirle | n | man | ASD | |
| Frisian: | tzsierl | n | man | ASD |
| Dutch: | karel | n.masc | carl | ASD |
| kern | n.fem | kernel | ASD | |
| kōren | n.neut | corn | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | korn(i), kurni | n.neut | corn | ASD |
| Old High German: | char(a)l | n.masc | carl | ASD |
| kerno | n.masc | kernel | ASD | |
| korn | n | corn | GED | |
| Middle High German: | kerl | n.masc | carl | ASD |
| kërn(e) | n.masc | kernel | ASD | |
| korn | n.neut | corn | ASD | |
| German: | Einkorn | n.neut | einkorn, lit. single-grain | LRC |
| Kerl | n.masc | carl | ASD | |
| Kern | n.masc | kernel | ASD | |
| Korn | n.neut | corn, cereal | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kerling | n | carling, lit. old woman | W7 |
| korn | n | corn | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | karl | n | carl, (old) man | RPN |
| Icelandic: | karl | n.masc | carl | ASD |
| kjarni | n.masc | kernel | ASD | |
| korn | n.neut | corn | ASD | |
| Danish: | kjerne | n.masc/fem | kernel | ASD |
| korn | n.neut | corn | ASD | |
| Old Swedish: | krootas | vb | to break to pieces | GED |
| Swedish: | korn | n.neut | corn | ASD |
| kärna | n.fem | kernel | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *ga-kroton | vb.wk.II | to break to pieces | GED |
| kaurn(o) | n.neut | corn | ASD/GED | |
| Crimean Gothic: | *korn, kor | n | corn | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | glārea | n.fem | sand, gravel | GED |
| granarium | n.neut | granary | W7 | |
| granata | n.fem | pomegranate | W7 | |
| granatus | vb.ptc | seedy | W7 | |
| grānum | n.neut | grain, seed, kernel | GED | |
| Late Latin: | granulum | n.neut.dim | small grain | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | granica | n.fem | grange | W7 |
| New Latin: | Ageratum | n.masc | genus of herbs | W7 |
| Portuguese: | grão | n.masc | grain | W7 |
| Old French: | grenier | n.masc | granary | W7 |
| Old North French: | calingue | n.fem | old woman | W7 |
| Middle French: | grain | n.masc | cereal grain | W7 |
| graine | n.fem | grain, seed | W7 | |
| grange | n.fem | barn | W7 | |
| grenade | n.fem | grenade; pomegranate | W7 | |
| grenat | adj/n.masc | (re:) precious stone, red like pomegranate | W7 | |
| French: | carlingue | n.fem | keelson | W7 |
| filigrane | n.masc | filigree | W7 | |
| grenade | n.fem | grenade; pomegranate | W7 | |
| grenadine | n.fem | grenadine | W7 | |
| Italian: | filigrana | n.fem | filigree, watermark | W7 |
| granire | vb | to granulate | W7 | |
| granito | adj | seeded, full of grain | CID/W7 | |
| grano | n.masc | grain | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | žìrnis | n | pea | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | zrělъ | adj | ripe | RPN |
| zrěti | vb | to ripen, mature | GED/RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | agēratos | adj | ageless | W7 |
| γεραιός | adj | old | RPN | |
| γέρων | adj/n.masc | old; old man | GED/RPN | |
| γῆρας | n.neut | old age | RPN | |
| γηράω | vb | to grow old | GED | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | cer | adj | old | RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | zar- | vb | to grow old, waste away | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | grā́vā | n | grindstone | GED |
| jára-ḥ | adj | becoming old, wearing out | RPN | |
| jaraṇá-ḥ | adj | old, decayed | RPN | |
| járat- | adj | old; worn; dry (herbs) | RPN | |
| járati | vb | to grow old, wear out | RPN | |
| járant- | adj | old, sickly | GED | |
| jarā́ | n | old age | RPN | |
| jīrṇá-ḥ, jūrṇá-ḥ | adj | old, worn out, withered | RPN | |
| jīryati | vb | to become feeble | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
