Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: gerebh-   'to carve, scratch; write'

Semantic Field(s): to Carve, to Rub, to Write

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
English  
Old English: ceorfan vb to cut, carve RPN
crabba n.masc crab ASD/W7
cyrf n kerf, (action of) cutting RPN
Middle English: crabbe n crab (marine crustacean) W7
crawlen vb to crawl W7
crevis n crayfish W7
epigrame n epigram W7
graffe n graft W7
graffen, graften vb to graft W7
gramere n grammar W7
kerf n kerf W7
kerven vb to carve W7
topographie n topography W7
English: agrapha n sayings of Jesus in early, non-canonical Christian writings AHD/W7
agraphia n dysgraphia AHD
anagram n word/phrase spelled via letter transposition from another word/phrase AHD/W7
carve vb to cut with care/precision AHD/W7
crab n broadly built marine crustacean AHD/W7
crawl vb to creep, move slowly with body close to ground AHD/W7
crayfish n small freshwater crustacean resembling lobster AHD/W7
diagram n line drawing for mathematical/scientific purposes AHD/W7
dysgraphia n inability to write LRC
epigram n poem dealing concisely/pointedly/satirically with single thought/event AHD/W7
epigraph n engraved inscription AHD/W7
glamo(u)r n spell, magic, illusion, enchantment AHD/W7
graffito n rude drawing/inscription on rock/wall AHD/W7
graft vb to cause (scion) to unite with stock AHD/W7
-gram n.sfx drawing, writing, record AHD/W7
gram n metric unit of mass AHD/W7
grammar n study of word/sentence use in language AHD/W7
graph n something drawn/written AHD/W7
-grapher n.sfx one who writes AHD/W7
graphic adj drawn/written/engraved AHD/W7
graphite n soft black lustrous carbon used in pencils etc. AHD/W7
-graphy n.sfx writing/representation AHD/W7
iconography n illustration by pictures/other visual representations AHD/W7
kerf n slit/notch made by saw/cutting torch AHD/W7
landgrave n German count having territorial jurisdiction AHD/W7
margrave n military governor of German border province AHD/W7
odograph n instrument for recording course/distance traveled AHD
pal(a)eography n (study of) scripts/writing from former eras TLL
palsgrave n count palatine, lit. count (of a) palace AHD/W7
paragraph n one/more sentences in written composition AHD/W7
parallelogram n quadrilateral with parallel opposite sides of equal length AHD/W7
plethysmograph n instrument measuring variation in body part size based on blood volume AHD
plutography n media describing lives of rich/famous people AHD
program n public notice AHD/W7
prosopography n statistical study describing people/characters in context AHD
pseudepigrapha n apocrypha AHD/W7
topography n position/elevation depiction on maps/charts AHD/W7
Scots English: glamour n glamor W7
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: kerva vb to carve RPN
Frisian: kerven vb to carve ASD
Middle Dutch: marcgrave n margrave W7
Dutch: kerven vb to carve ASD
krab n.fem crab ASD
kreeft n crayfish; lobster TLL
markgraaf n margrave W7
paltsgrave n palsgrave W7
Old High German: chrëpazo n.masc crab ASD
grāvo n count W7
krebiz n crab W7
marcgrāvo n margrave, lit. boundary count W7
Middle High German: kerban, kerben vb to carve, notch RPN
krebez n.masc crab ASD
German: Graf n.masc count LRC
Graphit n graphite W7
kerben vb to carve ASD
Krabbe n.fem crab ASD
Krebs n.masc cancer ASD
Landgraf n landgrave W7
Markgraf n.masc margrave LRC
Pfaltzgraf n.masc palsgrave LRC
North Germanic  
Old Norse: krabbi n crab KNW
krafla vb to crawl W7
Old Icelandic: krota vb to engrave RPN
kurfr n chip, cut-off piece RPN
Icelandic: krabbi n.masc crab ASD
Danish: biograf n cinema TLL
karve vb to carve ASD
krabbe n crab ASD
krebs n crayfish TLL
Swedish: biograf n cinema TLL
karfva vb to carve ASD
krabba n.fem crab ASD
kräfta n crayfish TLL
Italic  
Latin: epigramma, epigrammatis n.fem epigram W7
-gramma sfx letter W7
grammatica n.fem grammar W7
-graphia sfx action of writing W7
graphicus adj of writing W7
graphium n.neut stylus W7
-graphum sfx writing W7
karabus n.masc crab ASD
Late Latin: gramma n.neut a small weight W7
-graphus sfx writer W7
parallelogrammum n.neut parallelogram W7
topographia n.fem topography, study of landscape W7
Medieval Latin: paragraphus n.masc sign marking a paragraph W7
New Latin: anagramma, anagrammatis n.neut anagram, transposition of letters W7
pseudepigrapha n.neut.pl manuscripts falsely ascribed to an author, apocrypha W7
Middle French: anagramme n.fem anagram W7
grafe n.masc stylus W7
gramaire n.fem grammar, grammar book, book of sorcery W7
-graphe sfx writing or drawing W7
paragraphe n.masc paragraph W7
French: gramme n.masc unit of weight W7
-graphe sfx suffix indicating writing W7
programme n.masc agenda, public notice W7
Italian: graffito n graffito W7
Hellenic  
Greek: agraphos adj unwritten W7
anagrammatizein vb to transpose letters W7
anagrammatismos n.masc anagram W7
gramma, grammatos n.neut letter W7
γραμματεύς n.masc scribe LRC
grammatikē n.fem grammar W7
grammatikos adj of letters W7
grammē n.fem line W7
grapheion n.neut stylus W7
γραφή n.fem writing, scripture LRC
-graphia afx writing W7
γραφικῆ n.fem painting LRC
graphikos adj of writing W7
-graphon afx written W7
-graphos afx writer W7
γράφω vb to write LRC
diagramma n.neut a drawing, a plan W7
diagraphein vb to mark out by lines W7
eikonographein vb to describe W7
eikonographia n.fem sketch, description W7
epigramma n.neut epigram W7
epigraphein vb to inscribe W7
epigraphē n.fem inscription W7
paragraphein vb to write alongside W7
paragraphos n.masc line used to mark change of persons in a dialogue W7
parallelogrammon n.neut parallelogram W7
parallelogrammos adj bound by parallel lines W7
programma n.neut public notice W7
prographein vb to write before W7
topographein vb to describe a place W7
topographia n.fem topography W7
pseudepigrapha n.neut.pl writings falsely ascribed to an author W7
pseudepigraphos adj falsely ascribed W7

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
afx=affix
fem=feminine (gender)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
pl=plural (number)
sfx=suffix
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
KNW=Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN=Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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