Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g(e)u-lo- 'glowing coal'
Semantic Field(s): Fire (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Irish: | gual | n.masc | coal | W7 |
English | ||||
Old English: | cōl | n.neut | coal | ASD/KEW |
Middle English: | col(e) | n | coal | ASD/W7 |
colier | n | collier | W7 | |
English: | cholla | n | spiny shrubby treelike cactus | AHD |
coal | n | ember, charred wood, glowing carbon | AHD/W7 | |
collie | n | large (breed of) dog (bred) for sheep herding | AHD/W7 | |
collier | n | one who produces charcoal | AHD/W7 | |
colly | vb | to blacken with soot | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | coill, coyll | n | coal | ASD |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | kole | n | coal | ASD |
Frisian: | koal | n | coal | ASD |
Dutch: | kool | n | coal | TLL |
Old High German: | kol | n.neut | coal | KDW |
kolo | n.masc | coal | ASD | |
Middle High German: | kol | n.masc | coal | ASD |
German: | Kohle | n.fem | coal | LRC |
Köhler | n.masc | collier | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | kol | n | coal | W7 |
Icelandic: | kol | n.neut | coal | ASD |
Danish: | kul | n.neut | coal | ASD/TLL |
Swedish: | kol | n.neut | coal | ASD/TLL |
Italic | ||||
Old French: | cholle | n | head, round lump | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |