Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g(e)u-lo- 'glowing coal'
Semantic Field(s): Fire (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | gual | n.masc | coal | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cōl | n.neut | coal | ASD/KEW |
| Middle English: | col(e) | n | coal | ASD/W7 |
| colier | n | collier | W7 | |
| English: | cholla | n | spiny shrubby treelike cactus | AHD |
| coal | n | ember, charred wood, glowing carbon | AHD/W7 | |
| collie | n | large (breed of) dog (bred) for sheep herding | AHD/W7 | |
| collier | n | one who produces charcoal | AHD/W7 | |
| colly | vb | to blacken with soot | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | coill, coyll | n | coal | ASD |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | kole | n | coal | ASD |
| Frisian: | koal | n | coal | ASD |
| Dutch: | kool | n | coal | TLL |
| Old High German: | kol | n.neut | coal | KDW |
| kolo | n.masc | coal | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | kol | n.masc | coal | ASD |
| German: | Kohle | n.fem | coal | LRC |
| Köhler | n.masc | collier | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kol | n | coal | W7 |
| Icelandic: | kol | n.neut | coal | ASD |
| Danish: | kul | n.neut | coal | ASD/TLL |
| Swedish: | kol | n.neut | coal | ASD/TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Old French: | cholle | n | head, round lump | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
