Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑eus- 'to taste, degust, enjoy'
Semantic Field(s): to Taste (subj), to Taste (obj), to Please
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | asagussi | vb | to wish | LRC |
| Fergus | prop.n | [personal name re:] excellence | GED | |
| guss | n | excellence | GED | |
| Oengus | prop.n | [personal name re:] excellence | GED | |
| togu | vb | to select | GED | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | cēosan | vb.str | to choose, test | GED |
| cost | n.masc | object of choice, excellence | GED | |
| cyre | n.masc | selection | GED | |
| ge-kor | n.str | decision | GED | |
| un-ge-coren | vb.past.ptc | vile | GED | |
| wælcyrige | n | witch | W7 | |
| Middle English: | chois | n | choice | W7 |
| chosen | vb | to choose | W7 | |
| guste | n | gust | W7 | |
| English: | choice | n | selection, act of choosing | AHD/W7 |
| choose, chose, chosen | vb.str | to select after consideration | AHD/W7 | |
| degust | vb.trans | to taste, savor | AHD/W7 | |
| disgust | vb | to be offensive, provoke loathing/aversion/repugnance | AHD/W7 | |
| gust | n | sensation of taste | AHD/W7 | |
| gustation | n | act/sensation of tasting | AHD/W7 | |
| gusto | n | liking, taste | AHD/W7 | |
| ragout | n | well-seasoned meat/vegetables cooked in thick sauce | AHD/W7 | |
| Valkyrie | prop.n | maiden of Odin: chooses hero to be slain, guides him to Valhalla (Norse mythology) | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | kiāsa, tziesa | vb.str | to choose, test | ASD/GED |
| Frisian: | kiezjen, tziezjen | vb | to choose | ASD |
| Dutch: | keur | n.fem | choice | ASD |
| keuren | vb | to test | GED | |
| kiezen | vb | to choose | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | cust | n.masc | object of choice, excellence | GED |
| kiosan, keosan | vb.str | to choose, taste, test | ASD/GED | |
| korōn | vb.wk | to test, taste | GED | |
| kostōn | vb | to attempt | GED | |
| Low German: | koren | vb | to taste | GED |
| Old High German: | cost | n.masc | estimate, selection | GED |
| gi-corōn | vb.wk | to test, taste | GED | |
| kiosan, kiusan | vb.str | to choose, taste, test | ASD/GED | |
| korōn | vb.wk | to test, taste | GED | |
| kostōn | vb.wk | to test | GED | |
| kurī, churi | n.fem | selection | ASD/GED | |
| Middle High German: | kiusen, kiesen | vb | to choose | ASD |
| kūr(e) | n.fem | election, examination | ASD | |
| German: | kiesen | vb | to choose | ASD |
| kosten | vb | to degust | LRC | |
| Kur, Kür, Chur | n.fem | choice, election | ASD | |
| Walküre | prop.n | Valkyrie, lit. chooser of slain | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | kostr | n.masc | choice, alternative; chance, opportunity | LRC |
| Valkyrie | prop.n | Valkyrie: minor divinity (Norse mythology) | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | kjōsa | vb.str | to choose, test | GED |
| kor | n.str | decision | GED | |
| kosta | vb | to try | GED | |
| kostr | n.masc | selection | GED | |
| Icelandic: | keyr, kjörr | n.neut | choice | ASD |
| kjōsa | vb | to choose | ASD | |
| ū-kjörligr | adj | wretched | ASD | |
| val-kyrja | n.fem | Valkyrie, lit. chooser of slain | ASD | |
| Danish: | kaar | n.neut | choice | ASD |
| keise | vb | to choose | ASD | |
| Swedish: | kor | n | choice | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | kausjan | vb.wk.I | to experience | GED |
| *kiusan | vb.str.II | to choose, test | GED | |
| un-gakusans | adj | unchosen, rejected | ASD | |
| us-kiusan | vb.str.II | to reject, not choose | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dēgustō, dēgustāre | vb | to taste, degust | W7 |
| gustatio, gustationis | n.fem | sense of taste | W7 | |
| gustō, gustāre, gustāvī, gustātus | vb | to taste | W7 | |
| gustus | n.masc | taste, tasting | GED | |
| Spanish: | gusto | n.masc | taste | W7 |
| Old French: | chois | n | choice | W7 |
| Middle French: | desgouster | vb | to disgust, dislike taste of | W7 |
| goust | n.masc | taste | W7 | |
| French: | ragoût | n.masc | stew | W7 |
| ragoûter | vb | to revive taste, stir appetite | W7 | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | desha | vb.1.sg.pret | I loved | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | γεύομαι | vb | to taste | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | dauš | vb | to taste | LRC |
| dauštar- | n | friend | GED | |
| Avestan: | zaoš- | vb | to taste, be pleased | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | juṣáte | vb | to enjoy | GED |
| júṣṭiṣ | n | favor | GED | |
| jṓṣati | vb | to taste | LRC | |
| joṣṭár- | adj | loving | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| I | = | class 1 |
| II | = | class 2 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
