Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: gleubh- 'to cut, cleave, pare, slice'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut, to Divide
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | clēofan, clēaf, clufon, clofen | vb.str | to cleave | W7 |
clufu | n | clove | W7 | |
geclyft | n | cleft | W7 | |
Middle English: | cleft, clift | n | cleft | W7 |
cleven | vb | to cleave | W7 | |
cliver | adj | clever | W7 | |
clove | n | clove | W7 | |
English: | anaglyph | n | chased/embossed/sculptured ornament in low relief | AHD/W7 |
cleave, clove, cleft, cloven, cleft | vb.str/wk | to split/divide via cutting blow | AHD/W7 | |
cleft | adj | (partially) split/divided | AHD/W7 | |
cleft | n | fissure, space/opening made by splitting | AHD/W7 | |
clever | adj | showing physical skill/dexterity/resourcefulness | AHD/W7 | |
clevi | n | clevis | AHD/W7 | |
clevis | n | metal shackle with end drilled to receive pin/bolt | AHD/W7 | |
clove | n | small section of separable bulb (e.g. garlic) | AHD/W7 | |
glume | n | chaffy bract | AHD/W7 | |
glyph | n | ornamental vertical groove in Doric frieze | AHD/W7 | |
glyptic | n | art/process of carving/engraving | AHD/W7 | |
hieroglyphic | adj | re: system of writing in pictorial characters | AHD/W7 | |
kloof | n | deep ravine | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | clove | n | cleft | AHD |
Dutch: | klieven, klooven | vb | to cleave | ASD |
kloof | n | kloof, cleft | AHD | |
Afrikaans: | kloof | n | kloof | AHD |
Old Saxon: | klioban | vb | to cleave | ASD |
Old High German: | kliuban | vb | to cleave | ASD |
Middle High German: | klieben, kliuben | vb | to cleave | ASD |
German: | klieben | vb | to cleave | ASD |
Kluft | n.fem | cleft | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | kljūfa | vb | to cleave | W7 |
Icelandic: | kljūfa | vb | to cleave | ASD |
Danish: | klöve | vb | to cleave | ASD |
Swedish: | klyfva | vb | to cleave | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | glubo, glubere | vb | to peel | W7 |
gluma | n.fem | hull, husk | W7 | |
Late Latin: | anaglyphus | adj | embossed | W7 |
Middle French: | hiéroglyphique | adj | of the hieroglyphs | W7 |
French: | glyptique | n.fem | glyptic, study of engravures on fine stones | R1/W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | anaglyphein | vb | to emboss | W7 |
anaglyphos | adj | embossed | W7 | |
glyptikē | n.fem | glyptic | W7 | |
glyphein | vb | to carve | W7 | |
glyphē | n.fem | carved work | W7 | |
hieroglyphikos | adj | re: hieroglyphs, sacred script | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
R1 | = | Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |