Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ghaido-, or g̑haido- 'goat, kid'
Semantic Field(s): Goat
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Welsh: | gid, giten | n.fem | (young) goat | ASD |
English | ||||
Old English: | gāt | n.fem | goat | ASD/W7 |
Middle English: | gote | n | goat | W7 |
English: | goat | n | hollow-horned ruminant mammal | AHD/W7 |
Goatleaf | prop.n | Bree surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
goatleaf | n.arch | honeysuckle (in The Lay of the Honeysuckle) | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | geit | n.fem | goat | ASD |
Old High German: | geiz | n.fem | goat | ASD/W7 |
Middle High German: | geiz | n.fem | goat | ASD |
German: | Geiss | n.fem | (nanny) goat | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | geit | n.fem | goat | ASD |
Danish: | ged | n.masc/fem | goat | ASD |
Swedish: | get | n.fem | goat | ASD |
geting | n | wasp | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | gaits | n.fem | goat | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Sabine: | faedus | n | goat | LRC |
Latin: | haedus | n.masc | baby goat | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
arch | = | archaic |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |