Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑haiso-, or g̑həiso- : g̑hēiso- 'dart; staff, stick'
Semantic Field(s): Arrow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | frum-gār | n.masc | leader, chieftain, patriarch, lit. first-spear | LRC |
| gār | n.masc | dart, spear, javelin | ASD | |
| gāra | n | gore, triangular piece | W7 | |
| gār-Dene | prop.n.masc.pl | spear-Danes | LRC | |
| gārlēac | n.neut | garlic | ASD/W7 | |
| gār-wudu | n.masc | javelin, lit. spear-wood | ASD | |
| Middle English: | garfysshe | n | garfish | W7 |
| garlek | n | garlic | W7 | |
| gore | n | gore | W7 | |
| English: | garfish | n | gar | AHD/W7 |
| garlic | n | European bulbous herb | AHD/W7 | |
| Gárulf | prop.n | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| gore | n | small triangular piece | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | gēr | n.masc | dart, spear, javelin | ASD |
| Low German: | gere | n | wedge | ASD |
| Old High German: | gēr | n.masc | dart, spear, javelin | ASD |
| Middle High German: | gēr | n.masc | dart, spear, javelin | ASD |
| German: | Ger | n.masc | dart, spear, javelin | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | geirr | n.masc | spear; point of anvil | LRC |
| Icelandic: | geirlaukr | n | garlic | ASD |
| geirr | n.masc | spear | ASD | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | chaion | n.neut | shepherd's staff | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
