Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: g̑han-s- 'goose'
Semantic Field(s): Goose
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | géiss | n | swan | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | gan(d)ra | n.masc | gander | ASD/W7 |
ganot, ganet | n.masc | gannet, goose | ASD | |
gōs | n.fem | goose | ASD/RPN | |
gōs-hafoc | n.masc | goshawk | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | gander | n | gander | W7 |
ganet | n | gannet | W7 | |
gos | n | goose | W7 | |
goshawke | n | goshawk | W7 | |
gosling | n | gosling | W7 | |
English: | anserine | adj | re: goose | AHD/W7 |
chenopod | n | plant in goosefoot family | AHD/W7 | |
gander | n | adult male goose | AHD/W7 | |
gannet | n | large fish-eating seabird | AHD/W7 | |
gonzo | adj | bizarre, subjective, exaggerated, unconventional | AHD | |
goose, geese | n.str | waterfowl intermediate in size between ducks/swans | AHD/W7 | |
goshawk | n | long-tailed short-winged hawk | AHD/W7 | |
gosling | n | young goose | AHD/W7 | |
gunsel | n.sl | gunman | AHD/W7 | |
merganser | n | fish-eating duck | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | gans | n | goose | TLL |
gent | n.masc | gander | ASD | |
Low German: | gante | n | gannet | ASD |
Old High German: | gan(a)zo | n.masc | gander | ASD |
gāns | n | goose | RPN | |
gans-hapich | n | goshawk | ASD | |
Middle High German: | ganze(r) | n.masc | gander | ASD |
German: | Gans | n.fem | goose | LRC |
Gänserich | n.masc | gander | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | gás | n | goose | RPN |
Icelandic: | gassi | n.masc | gander | ASD |
gās | n | goose | ASD | |
gāshaukr | n | goshawk | ASD | |
Danish: | gaas | n | goose | RPN |
Swedish: | gås | n | goose | RPN |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | ānser | n.masc | goose | RPN |
anserinus | adj | of geese | W7 | |
New Latin: | merganser | n.masc | a waterfowl | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | sansy | n | goose | LRC |
Lithuanian: | žąsìs | n | goose | RPN |
Latvian: | zùoss | n | goose | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Polish: | gęś | n | goose | RPN |
Russian: | gus' | n | goose | RPN |
Hellenic | ||||
Doric: | χᾱ́ν | n | goose | RPN |
Greek: | χήν | n | goose | RPN |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | haṁsá-ḥ | n | goose, gander; swan | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
sl | = | slang |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |